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| Preface | |
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| The Science of Psychology | |
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| Ways to Acquire Knowledge | |
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| Tenacity | |
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| Authority | |
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| Experience | |
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| Reason and Logic | |
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| Science | |
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| Components of the Scientific Method | |
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| Objectivity | |
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| Confirmation of Findings | |
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| Self-Correction | |
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| Control | |
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| The Psychological Experiment | |
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| Independent Variable | |
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| Dependent Variable | |
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| Extraneous Variables | |
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| Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relations | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| The Research Process | |
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| Finding a Problem | |
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| Reviewing the Literature | |
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| Theoretical Considerations | |
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| Hypothesis | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Conducting the Experiment | |
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| Data Analysis and Statistical Decisions | |
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| Decisions in Terms of Past Research and Theory | |
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| Preparing the Research Report | |
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| Sharing Your Results: Presentation and Publication | |
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| Finding a New Problem | |
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| Why Is the Research Methods Course Important? | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Research Ideas, Critiquing Research, and Hypotheses | |
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| The Research Idea | |
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| Characteristics of Good Research Ideas | |
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| Sources of Research Ideas | |
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| Developing a Research Question | |
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| Surveying the Psychological Literature | |
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| Critiquing Psychological Research | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Formulating the Research Hypothesis | |
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| Characteristics of the Research Hypothesis | |
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| Types of Statements | |
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| Types of Reasoning | |
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| A New View of Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Directional Versus Nondirectional Research Hypotheses | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Ethics in Psychological Research | |
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| The Need for Ethical Principles | |
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| APA Principles in the Conduct of Research With Humans | |
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| Is Deception in Research Necessary? | |
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| Informed Consent | |
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| Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk | |
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| Vulnerable Populations | |
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| The Debriefing Session | |
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| The Ethical Use of Animals in Psychological Research | |
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| The Institutional Review Board | |
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| The Experimenter's Responsibility | |
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| The Participants' Responsibility | |
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| The Researcher's Ethical Obligations Once the Research Is Completed | |
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| Plagiarism | |
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| Fabrication of Data | |
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| Lying With Statistics | |
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| Citing Your References Correctly | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Nonexperimental Methods I: Descriptive Methods, Qualitative Research, and Correlational Studies | |
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| Descriptive Methods | |
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| Archival and Previously Recorded Sources of Data | |
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| Observational Techniques | |
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| Choosing Behaviors and Recording Techniques | |
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| Qualitative Research | |
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| Grounded Theory | |
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| Participatory Action Research | |
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| Correlational Studies | |
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| The Nature of Correlations | |
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| Correlational Research | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Nonexperimental Methods II: Ex Post Facto Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling, and Basic Research Strategies | |
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| Ex Post Facto Studies | |
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| Surveys, Questionnaires, Tests, and Inventories | |
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| Surveys and Questionnaires | |
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| Tests and Inventories | |
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| Sampling Considerations and Basic Research Strategies | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Basic Research Strategies | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| The Basics of Experimentation I: Variables and Control | |
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| The Nature of Variables | |
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| Operationally Defining Variables | |
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| Independent Variables | |
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| Types of IVs | |
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| Extraneous Variables (Confounders) | |
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| Dependent Variables | |
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| Selecting the DV | |
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| Recording or Measuring the DV | |
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| Recording More Than One DV | |
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| Characteristics of a Good DV | |
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| Nuisance Variables | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Controlling Extraneous Variables | |
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| Basic Control Techniques | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| The Basics of Experimentation II: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues | |
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| Participants | |
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| Types of Participants | |
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| Number of Participants | |
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| Apparatus | |
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| IV Presentation | |
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| DV Recording | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| The Experimenter as an Extraneous Variable | |
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| Experimenter Characteristics | |
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| Experimenter Expectancies | |
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| Controlling Experimenter Effects | |
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| Participant Perceptions as Extraneous Variables | |
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| Demand Characteristics and Good Participants | |
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| Response Bias | |
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| Controlling Participant Effects | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| The Interface Between Research and Culture | |
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| Culture, Knowledge, and Truth | |
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| The Effect of Culture on Research | |
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| Methodology and Analysis Issues | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Internal and External Validity | |
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| Internal Validity: Evaluating Your Experiment From the Inside | |
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| Threats to Internal Validity | |
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| Protecting Internal Validity | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| External Validity: Generalizing Your Experiment to the Outside | |
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| Threats to External Validity (Based on Methods) | |
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| Threats to External Validity (Based on Our Participants) | |
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| The Devil's Advocate: Is External Validity Always Necessary? | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Using Statistics to Answer Questions | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Scales of Measurement | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Graphing Your Results | |
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| Calculating and Computing Statistics | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Correlation | |
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| The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Inferential Statistics | |
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| What Is Significant? | |
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| The t Test | |
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| One-Tail Versus Two-Tail Tests of Significance | |
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| The Logic of Significance Testing | |
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| When Statistics Go Astray: Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Effect Size | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Two Groups | |
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| Experimental Design: The Basic Building Blocks | |
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| The Two-Group Design | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Comparing Two-Group Designs | |
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| Variations on the Two-Group Design | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Statistical Analysis: What Do Your Data Show? | |
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| The Relation Between Experimental Design and Statistics | |
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| Analyzing Two-Group Designs | |
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| Calculating Your Statistics | |
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| Interpretation: Making Sense of Your Statistics | |
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| Interpreting Computer Statistical Output | |
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| The Continuing Research Problem | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments with More Than Two Groups | |
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| Experimental Design: Adding to the Basic Building Block | |
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| The Multiple-Group Design | |
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| Comparing the Multiple-Group and Two-Group Designs | |
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| Comparing Multiple-Group Designs | |
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| Variations on the Multiple-Group Design | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Statistical Analysis: What Do Your Data Show? | |
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| Analyzing Multiple-Group Designs | |
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| Planning Your Experiment | |
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| Rationale of ANOVA | |
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| Interpretation: Making Sense of Your Statistics | |
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| Interpreting Computer Statistical Output | |
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| The Continuing Research Problem | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments with Multiple Independent Variables | |
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| Experimental Design: Doubling the Basic Building Block | |
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| The Factorial Design | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Comparing the Factorial Design to Two-Group and Multiple-Group Designs | |
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| Choosing a Factorial Design | |
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| Variations on Factorial Designs | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Statistical Analysis: What Do Your Data Show? | |
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| Naming Factorial Designs | |
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| Planning the Statistical Analysis | |
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| Rationale of Factorial ANOVA | |
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| Understanding Interactions | |
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| Interpretation: Making Sense of Your Statistics | |
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| Interpreting Computer Statistical Output | |
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| A Final Note | |
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| The Continuing Research Problem | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Alternative Research Designs | |
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| Protecting Internal Validity Revisited | |
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| Examining Your Experiment from the Inside | |
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| Protecting Internal Validity with Research Designs | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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| History of Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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| Uses of Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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| General Procedures of Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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| Statistics and Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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| Representative Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| History of Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Uses of Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Representative Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Writing and Assembling an APA-Format Research Report | |
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| What Is APA Format? | |
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| Sections of the APA-Format Paper | |
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| Title Page | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Author Note | |
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| Headings | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Writing in APA Style | |
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| General Guidelines | |
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| Grammatical Guidelines | |
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| APA Editorial Style | |
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| Preparing Your Manuscript | |
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| Student Views of Professional Activities | |
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| Review Summary | |
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| Check Your Progress | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| Selected Statistical Formulae | |
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| Factorial Design with Three Independent Variables | |
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| Check Your Progress Answers | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |