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| Preface | |
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| What Is Thinking? | |
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| Our Cultural Legacy | |
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| Why Think? | |
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| Thoughts Richer Than Gold | |
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| Thinking as Possibility | |
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| Thoughts Accumulate | |
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| Life Without Thinking | |
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| What Is Thinking? | |
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| The Mystery | |
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| Toward a Definition: Thinking as Communicating | |
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| Communicating: The Mirror of Thought | |
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| Thinking as Writing: Clarity, Exactness, Awareness, Richness | |
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| Thinking as Dialogue: Validation and Insight | |
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| Misthinking | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Things More Important than Thinking | |
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| Thinking, Sensing, Writing | |
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| Box | |
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| The Centrality of Thinking | |
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| Personal Barriers | |
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| Enculturation | |
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| Sources of Enculturation | |
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| Religion and Enculturation | |
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| Self-Concept | |
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| Ego Defenses | |
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| Denial | |
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| Projection | |
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| Rationalization | |
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| Self-Serving Biases | |
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| The Role of Expectations and Schemata | |
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| Emotional Influences | |
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| Anger | |
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| Passion | |
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| Depression | |
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| Striving for Cognitive Consistency | |
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| Stress | |
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| Stress Management | |
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| Summary | |
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| Barrier Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| An Exercise in Enculturation | |
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| The Idea of Self | |
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| Letting Go | |
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| Owning Up to Our Dark Side | |
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| Five Thinking Errors | |
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| Five Ways to Prevent Stress | |
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| Boxes | |
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| Some Common American Beliefs | |
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| Spinoza: A Man of Reason | |
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| Other Attribution Errors | |
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| Self-Serving Biases? | |
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| Signs and Symptoms of Stress | |
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| Sensing | |
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| Sensual Beginnings | |
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| The Power of Our Senses | |
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| The Deception of Our Senses | |
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| Sharpening Our Senses | |
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| Powerful Listening | |
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| The Paradox of Powerful Listening | |
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| How to Listen | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sensing and Thinking Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Ideas: Innate or Learned? | |
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| Our Personal Sense Deceptions | |
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| Seeing Anew | |
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| Developing an Action Plan | |
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| Brain and Memory | |
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| The Mystery | |
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| Thinking and Our Brain | |
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| Food and Drugs | |
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| Sleep | |
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| Our Thinking Potential | |
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| Thinking and Memory | |
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| The Changing Nature of Memory | |
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| Forgetting | |
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| Why We Forget | |
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| How to Improve Memory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Brain and Memory Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| An Exercise in Mental Discipline | |
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| Critical Reading Before We Sleep | |
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| Memories of Childhood | |
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| Using Mnemonics | |
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| Boxes | |
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| Brain and Mind | |
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| Recall Versus Recognition | |
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| Memory Pills | |
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| Language: Our Thinking Medium | |
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| Language and our Mind | |
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| The Universalizing Power of Language | |
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| The Structuring Power of Language | |
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| Language and Society | |
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| The Metaphorical Power of Language | |
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| What Is a Metaphor? | |
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| Metaphorical Models Control Thinking | |
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| The Limitations of Language | |
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| The Power of English | |
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| Word Meanings | |
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| Word Order Creates Meaning | |
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| The Power Parts: Noun and Verb | |
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| Thinking and the Context | |
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| Clarity | |
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| The Pitfalls of English | |
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| Generalizations and Abstractions | |
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| Wordiness | |
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| Redundancies | |
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| Illogicalities | |
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| Cliches | |
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| Summary | |
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| Language Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Language and Thinking | |
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| A Brief Mind Sketch | |
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| The Language In Our Mind | |
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| Identifying Our Flame Words | |
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| Boxes | |
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| Evolution of Languages and the Effect on Metaphors | |
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| Language, Lawyers, and Lawmakers | |
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| Clearly Embarrassing | |
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| High Specificity | |
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| Feeling | |
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| Feelings and Thinking | |
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| Cultural Context | |
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| Business | |
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| Church | |
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| Family | |
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| The Force Behind Our Thoughts | |
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| Beneath the Rational Surface | |
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| The Importance of Tone | |
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| Controlling Emotions | |
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| Generating Speech | |
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| Generating Writing | |
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| The Inspiration Method | |
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| The Recollection Method | |
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| The Conscious Selection Method | |
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| Feelings Toward Topic and Audience | |
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| Observing Feelings | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking and Feeling Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Feelings Beneath Our Thoughts | |
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| Evoking Emotions | |
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| Creative Thinking | |
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| What is Creativity? | |
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| Metaphorical Thinking | |
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| Kinds of Creative Thinking | |
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| Who Can Think Creatively? | |
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| Conditions and Limitations of Creativity | |
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| Beginning to Create | |
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| Brainstorming | |
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| Starbursting | |
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| Coaxing Creativity | |
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| Desire | |
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| Knowledge and Skills | |
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| Edisonian Effort | |
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| Fermentation and Insight | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Creating Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Making Metaphors | |
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| Poetic Impressions | |
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| Prepcreation | |
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| Box | |
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| Leonardo da Vinci | |
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| Organizing | |
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| Origins of Order | |
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| Natural/Mental Orders | |
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| Topical Order | |
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| Analogical Order | |
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| Chronological Order | |
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| Causal Order | |
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| Mental Orders | |
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| Clarity and Memory | |
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| Steps In Organizing | |
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| Clustering | |
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| Analyzing | |
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| Prioritizing | |
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| Organizing Your Space | |
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| Organizing Electronic Data | |
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| Using The Orders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Organizing Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Other Natural Orders? | |
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| The Order of the Elements | |
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| Other Mental Orders | |
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| Analyzing the Clusters | |
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| Creating a Seminal Structural Analogy | |
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| Logical Thinking | |
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| Deductive Thinking: The Syllogism | |
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| Categorical Syllogisms | |
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| Three Kinds of Propositions | |
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| Four Figures | |
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| Validity of Categorical Syllogisms | |
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| Enthymemes and Syllogisms In Everyday Life | |
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| Reasoning Errors in Categorical Syllogisms | |
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| Undistributed Middle | |
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| Illicit Process | |
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| The Four-Terms Fallacy | |
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| Equivocation | |
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| Existential Fallacy | |
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| Rules for The Categorical Syllogism | |
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| Hypothetical Syllogisms | |
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| Reasoning Errors in Hypothetical Syllogisms | |
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| Disjunctive Syllogisms | |
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| Reasoning Error in the Disjunctive Syllogism | |
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| Valid Conversions | |
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| Informal Deductive Fallacies | |
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| The Fallacy of Division | |
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| Circular Reasoning | |
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| The Either/Or Fallacy | |
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| Inductive Thinking | |
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| Analogical Argument | |
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| Causation | |
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| Informal Inductive Fallacies | |
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| Hasty Generalization | |
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| The Fallacy of Composition | |
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| Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc | |
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| Extravagant Hypothesis | |
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| False Analogy | |
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| Slippery Slope | |
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| Other Reasoning Fallacies | |
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| The Genetic Fallacy | |
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| Appeal to Authority | |
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| Appeal to Tradition | |
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| The Is/Ought Fallacy | |
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| Bandwagon Appeal | |
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| Appeal to Ignorance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Logic Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Drawing the Conclusion | |
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| Finding Terms and Figures | |
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| Identifying Valid Categorical Syllogisms | |
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| Using Venn Diagrams | |
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| Finding Multiple Syllogisms and False Premises | |
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| Finding Undistributed Terms | |
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| Identifying Invalid Syllogisms | |
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| Writing Valid Conversions | |
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| Identifying the Either/Or Fallacy | |
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| Distinguishing Between Inductive and Deductive Arguments | |
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| Considering Past Errors | |
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| Using Analogies | |
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| Thinking About Causation | |
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| Boxes | |
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| The Importance of Agreed Meaning | |
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| Reductio ad Absurdum | |
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| Chuang Tzu's Analogies | |
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| Conspiracy Theories: Did We Land on the Moon? | |
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| More Thoughts About Oughts | |
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| Scientific Thinking | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| Observation | |
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| Hypothesis | |
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| Experimentation | |
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| Verification | |
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| Science and Other Ways of Knowing | |
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| The Empirical Nature of Science | |
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| Erroneous Operational Definitions | |
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| Operational Debates | |
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| The Limits of Science | |
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| Science and the Understanding of Human Nature | |
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| Determinism as Foundation | |
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| Human Beings and Determinism | |
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| Proving a Theory | |
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| Controlled Experiments | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design | |
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| Nonexperimental Design | |
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| Ex Post Facto Design | |
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| Correlational Design | |
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| The Survey Method | |
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| The Case Study | |
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| The Role of Chance | |
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| Experimenter Bias | |
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| Pseudoscience | |
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| Summary | |
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| Scientific Thinking Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Creating Operational Definitions | |
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| The Domain of Science | |
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| Determining the Research Design | |
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| Boxes | |
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| Copernicus and Galileo | |
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| Determinism and Probability | |
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| Opinion Versus Fact | |
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| Sizeable Effects | |
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| The Gambler's Fallacy: Don't Bet on It! | |
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| The Placebo Effect | |
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| Cases of Fraud | |
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| Persuasive Thinking | |
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| What Is Persuasion? | |
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| The Ethics of Persuasion | |
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| Thinking about What Moves US | |
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| Knowledge | |
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| Objectivity and Honesty | |
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| Biases | |
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| Likability | |
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| Motivation and Purpose | |
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| The Rational Appeal | |
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| The Emotional Appeal: The Root Elements | |
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| Thinking about What Moves Our Audience | |
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| Demographics | |
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| Values and Needs | |
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| Adjusting Our Goals | |
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| Organizing For Persuasion | |
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| Establishing Credibility | |
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| Acknowledging the Audience's Position | |
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| Constructing Our Rationale | |
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| Transplanting the Root Elements | |
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| Asking for the Response | |
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| Defending Ourselves Against Deceitful Persuasion | |
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| Manipulative Tactics | |
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| Erroneous Attacks | |
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| Abuse of Language | |
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| Summary | |
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| Persuasion Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| A Demographic Analysis | |
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| Identifying Values and Needs | |
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| Motivation Mountain | |
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| Recognizing the Other Side | |
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| Your Vulnerability to Fear Appeals | |
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| Box | |
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| Confucius, Christ, and Kant | |
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| Problem Solving | |
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| Defining the Problem | |
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| Discovering Causes | |
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| Problems Without a Cause | |
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| Removing Barriers | |
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| The Myth of Perfection | |
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| The Myth of Genius | |
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| Generating Solutions | |
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| Gathering Information | |
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| Creative Thinking | |
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| Let It Rest | |
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| Selecting Solutions | |
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| Preliminary Evaluation | |
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| Pros and Cons | |
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| Subgoal Analysis | |
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| Trial and Error | |
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| Working Backward | |
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| Problem-Solving Tips | |
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| Evaluating Solutions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problem-Solving Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Forming More Precise Definitions | |
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| Identifying Problem Components | |
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| Functional Fixedness | |
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| Weighing Pros and Cons | |
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| Boxes | |
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| Creating a Healthy Communication Climate | |
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| Chaotic Systems | |
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| Rejections on Minor Grounds | |
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| Thinking Backward | |
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| Evaluating | |
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| The Necessity to Test Thinking | |
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| The Crucible of Critical Dialogue | |
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| Critical Monologue | |
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| The Elegance of Simplicity | |
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| The Flattery of Imitation and Development | |
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| The Power of Predictability | |
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| Perspective, Balance, and Completeness | |
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| The Test of Time | |
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| Testing Against Our Thinking Bases | |
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| Personal Barriers | |
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| Perceptions and Memory | |
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| Language | |
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| Feelings | |
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| Creativity Check | |
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| Organization | |
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| Logic Check | |
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| Summary | |
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| Evaluation Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Using Dialogue | |
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| Does Time Always Test True? | |
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| Our Tone Toward Our Thinking | |
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| Decision and Action | |
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| Why Act? | |
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| Decision | |
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| Difficulties in Deciding | |
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| How to Decide | |
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| When to Decide | |
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| The Deciding Moment | |
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| Action | |
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| After Action | |
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| Summary | |
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| Decision and Action Challenges | |
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| Thinking Activities | |
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| Feelings and Decisions | |
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| Role-Playing | |
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| Box | |
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| Changing Criteria: Putting on the Gloves | |
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| The Challenge to Go on Thinking | |
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| Propositional Logic | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |