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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Physical Evidence | |
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| Key words | |
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| Types of Evidence | |
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| Value of Physical Evidence | |
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| Some Advantages of Physical Evidence | |
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| Major Categories of Physical Evidence | |
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| Class and Individual Characteristics of Physical Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Analysis of Physical Evidence | |
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| Comparison Standards and Controls | |
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| Ethical, Legal, and Scientific Requirements for Evidence Collection | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Crime Scene Search Principles | |
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| Key words | |
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| Department Orders Regarding Crime Scenes | |
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| First Responder at the Scene | |
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| Crime Scene Investigator | |
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| Contact the First Officer at the Scene | |
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| Establish a Command Center for the Operation | |
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| Establish a Plan for Processing the Scene | |
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| Data to be Compiled Before Collection Process | |
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| Crime Scene Search: Be Systematic! | |
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| Separate Areas/Collectors | |
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| Systematic Search Methods | |
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| Finishing the Crime Scene Search: Debriefing | |
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| Final Survey of the Crime Scene | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Crime Scene Processing Guidelines | |
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| Actions to be Taken by the First Responder | |
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| Actions to be Taken by the Crime Scene Investigator | |
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| Crime Scene Search | |
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| Finishing the Crime Scene Search: Debriefing | |
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| Customized Crime Scene Search Kits | |
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| Level of Crime Scene Search Kit Needed | |
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| Crime Scene Photography | |
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| Key words | |
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| Objectives of Crime Scene Photography | |
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| Number of Photographs at the Scene | |
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| Conditions at the Scene | |
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| Choice of Camera Type for Crime Scene Photography | |
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| Type of Film for Crime Scene Photography | |
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| Videotaping of Crime Scenes | |
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| Suggested Systematic Approach | |
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| Log of All Photographs Taken | |
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| Types of Photographs of a Crime Scene | |
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| Basic Camera and Photography Information | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Basic Equipment List for Crime Scene Photography | |
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| Crime Scene Sketches | |
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| Key words | |
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| Value of Sketches | |
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| Objectives of Crime Scene Sketches | |
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| Rules of Thumb for Sketches | |
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| Additional Points to Keep in Mind | |
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| Types of Sketches | |
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| Preparation of Sketches: Suggested Systematic Procedure | |
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| Measurement Techniques | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Latent Fingerprint Evidence | |
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| Key words | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Fingerprints and Impressions | |
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| Inked Fingerprints | |
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| Latent Fingerprints | |
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| Patent Prints | |
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| Age of the Latent Fingerprint | |
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| Nature of the Latent Print Deposit | |
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| Contributions from the Skin Glands | |
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| Contributions from Contaminants | |
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| Development of Latents | |
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| General Considerations for Latent Prints | |
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| Techniques Suitable for the Crime Scene | |
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| Laser Light, Alternate Lights, and Ultraviolet Light | |
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| Development with Powder and Brush | |
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| Development with Cyanoacrylate | |
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| Processing with Small Particle Reagent (SPR) | |
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| Processing with Ninhydrin, Ninhydrin Analogues, or DFO | |
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| Sequential Approaches to Latent Impression Detection and Collection | |
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| Wet Surfaces: Dry at Room Temp; Treat as for Dry Surfaces | |
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| Sequencing of Methods for Latent Development | |
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| All Surface/Latent Deposit Combinations | |
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| Nonabsorbent Surfaces | |
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| Absorbent Surfaces | |
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| Adhesive Tapes | |
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| Fingerprints in Blood | |
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| Latent and Patent Prints on Skin | |
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| Submission of Latent Print Evidence to the Laboratory | |
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| Marking of Evidence | |
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| Collection of Elimination Prints | |
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| Submission of Inked Fingerprints for Comparisons | |
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| Preservation of Evidence | |
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| Elimination Prints | |
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| Special Considerations | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Glossary of Acronyms for Table 5-1 | |
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| Safety Precautions for Latent Print Development | |
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| General Guidelines for Safety | |
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| Guidelines for Safety at the Crime Scene | |
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| Safety Guidelines in the Laboratory | |
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| Guidelines for Biological Hazards | |
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| Guidelines for Safety at Autopsies | |
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| Trace Evidence | |
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| Key words | |
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| Trace Evidence | |
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| Hair Evidence | |
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| Nature of Hair Evidence | |
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| Significant Features of Hair | |
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| Microscopic Features of Human Hair | |
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| Other Comparison Characteristics in Hair | |
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| Laboratory Examinations of Hair Evidence | |
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| Collection of Hair Evidence | |
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| Standard/Control Specimens of Hair | |
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| Laboratory Reports Concerning Hair Examinations | |
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| Fiber Evidence | |
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| Nature of Fiber Evidence | |
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| Occurrence of Fiber Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Examinations of Fiber Evidence | |
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| Collection of Fiber Evidence | |
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| Standards/Controls Needed for Laboratory Analysis | |
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| Glass Evidence | |
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| Nature of Glass Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Examinations of Glass Evidence | |
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| Collection of Glass Evidence | |
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| Paint Evidence | |
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| Nature of Paint Evidence | |
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| Hit-and-Run Cases: Vehicle to Pedestrian | |
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| Hit-and-Run Cases: Vehicle to Vehicle | |
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| Burglary Cases | |
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| Laboratory Examinations of Paint Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Reports Concerning Paint Evidence | |
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| Collection of Paint Specimens | |
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| Soil Evidence | |
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| Nature of Soil Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Examinations of Soil Evidence | |
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| Collection of Soil Evidence | |
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| Arson Accelerant Evidence | |
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| Arson Investigations | |
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| Nature of Volatile Flammables | |
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| At the Scene | |
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| Laboratory Analysis of Accelerant Residues | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Biological Fluid Stain Evidence: Blood and Semen | |
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| Key words | |
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| Bloodstain Evidence | |
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| Nature of Bloodstain Evidence | |
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| Genetic Markers in Bloodstains | |
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| Crime Scene Documentation of Bloodstains | |
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| Collection of Bloodstain Evidence | |
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| Blood Samples from Living Subjects | |
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| Blood Samples from Postmortem Subjects | |
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| General Comments | |
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| Laboratory Analysis of Bloodstains | |
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| DNA Analysis of Blood and Semen Stains | |
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| Semen Evidence | |
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| Nature of Semen Evidence | |
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| Occurrence of Semen Evidence | |
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| Collection of Semen Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Examinations of Semen Evidence | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| How to Make a Bindle | |
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| Safety Precautions for Blood and Biological Fluids | |
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| Firearms Evidence | |
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| Key words | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Firearm Cartridges | |
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| Bulleted Cartridges | |
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| Characteristics of Rifled Barrels | |
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| Class Characteristics of Fired Bullets | |
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| Field Comparisons of Bullet Class Characteristics | |
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| Field Estimation of Bullet Caliber | |
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| Laboratory Examinations of Firearms Evidence | |
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| Collection of Firearms Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Unloading Revolvers | |
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| Unloading Autoloading Firearms (Semiautomatics) | |
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| Trace Evidence and Fingerprints | |
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| Weapons Found in Water | |
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| Transportation to the Laboratory | |
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| Note-Taking and Evidence Marking | |
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| Recovery of Fired Ammunition Components | |
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| Bullets Embedded in Wood or Plaster | |
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| Removal of Bullets from Deceased Persons | |
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| Cartridge Cases | |
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| Shot Wads | |
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| Shot Pellets | |
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| Live Shot Shells or Cartridges | |
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| Gunshot Residues (GSR) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Gunshot Residue Analysis in the Laboratory | |
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| Collection of Gunshot Residues | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Class Characteristics for Some Handguns and Other Firearms | |
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| Impression Evidence | |
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| Key words | |
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| Nature of Impression Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Examinations of Impression Evidence | |
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| Examination of Footwear Impressions | |
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| Examination of Tire Tread Impressions | |
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| Examination of Toolmark Impressions | |
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| Collection of Impression Evidence | |
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| Collection of Footwear and Tire Tread Impressions | |
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| Photography of Footwear and Tire Tread Impressions | |
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| Vehicle Wheelbase and Width Measurements | |
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| Casting and Lifting of Impressions | |
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| Toolmark Evidence Collection | |
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| Special Precautions for Toolmark Evidence | |
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| Documentation of Toolmark Evidence | |
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| Fracture Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Examination of Fracture Evidence | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Drug and Alcohol Evidence | |
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| Key words | |
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| Drug Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| DEA Schedule of Controlled Substances | |
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| Collection of Drug Evidence | |
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| Field Testing of Drug Evidence | |
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| Clandestine Laboratories | |
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| Alcohol Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tolerance to Effects of Alcohol | |
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| Evidence in Driving Under the Influence Cases | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Alcohol Specimens | |
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| Laboratory Analysis of Blood Alcohol Specimens | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Document Evidence | |
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| Functions of the Document Examiner | |
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| Collection of Document Evidence | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Vehicle Scene Investigations | |
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| Key words | |
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| General Automobile Search | |
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| Traffic Accident Investigations | |
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| Photographs at the Accident Scene | |
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| Accident Scene Sketches | |
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| Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Pedestrian | |
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| Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Vehicle | |
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| Vehicle Lights | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Sexual Assault Investigations | |
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| Key words | |
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| Development of Modern Sexual Assault Investigation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Role of Physical Evidence in Sexual Assault Investigations | |
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| Evidence from the Crime Scene | |
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| Evidence from the Victim | |
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| Medical Examination of the Victim | |
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| Evidence from the Suspect | |
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| Examination of Adult Male Victim of Sexual Assault | |
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| Child Sexual Abuse Examination | |
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| Indications of Child Abuse | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Swab Drying Box | |
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| Chain of Custody Form | |
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| Seal on Chain of Custody Envelopes | |
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| Homicide Crime Scene Investigations | |
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| Key words | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Homicide Investigation Response Team (HIRT) | |
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| Additional Personnel Often Needed at Homicide Crime Scenes | |
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| At the Homicide Crime Scene | |
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| Precaution | |
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| Condition of Body/Clothing/Scene | |
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| Protection of the Body During Removal | |
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| Area Beneath the Body | |
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| Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) Guide | |
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| Preautopsy Conference | |
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| Postmortem Examination Photography | |
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| Trace Evidence | |
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| Procedures for Nude Bodies | |
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| Hair Standard Samples | |
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| Fingernail Scrapings | |
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| Gunshot Residues | |
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| Gunshot Wounds | |
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| Condition of Teeth/Dentures | |
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| Fingerprints/Palm Prints/Footprints | |
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| Sexual Assault Homicides | |
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| Vehicular Homicides | |
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| Decomposed Remains | |
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| Body Fluids and Toxicology Specimens | |
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| Wrap-Up Conference | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Safety Precautions for Homicide Crime Scenes | |
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| Safety Precautions for Postmortem Examinations (Autopsies) | |
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| Crime Scene Reconstruction | |
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| Key words | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Establishment of Expertise | |
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| Critical Thinking | |
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| Foundations for Crime Scene Reconstruction | |
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| Process of Crime Scene Reconstruction | |
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| Types of Reconstructions | |
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| Reconstructions Classified by Evidence Type Utilized | |
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| Reconstructions Based on Bloodstain Pattern Evidence | |
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| Information Obtained from Bloodstain Pattern Analysis | |
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| Bloodstains: Shoe Prints, Tracks, and Trails | |
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| Bloodstain Pattern Documentation | |
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| Reconstructions Based on Firearms Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Information Available from a Shooting Incident Reconstruction | |
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| Bullet Trajectories | |
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| Bullet Ricochets | |
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| Bullet Ricochets on Vehicles | |
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| Identification of the Firearm that Fired Each Bullet or Cartridge Case | |
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| Gunshot Residues on Suspected Shooters | |
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| Distance Characteristics of Target Residues | |
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| Laboratory Analysis of Firearm Evidence for Reconstructions | |
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| Reconstructions Based on Other Evidence Types | |
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| Direction of Force in Glass Pane Fractures | |
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| Sequence of Firearm Projectile Impacts | |
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| Evidence Showing Which Occupant of a Vehicle was the Driver | |
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| Reconstructions Involving More Than One Type of Physical Evidence | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Crime Scene Reconstruction Checklist | |
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| At the Scene | |
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| Bloodstain Pattern Reconstructions | |
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| Firearms Shooting Incidents | |
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| Preparation for Reconstruction Effort | |
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| Crime Scene Report Writing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Accuracy | |
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| Brevity | |
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| Clarity | |
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| Sketches/Photo Logs/Evidence Lists | |
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| Courtroom Testimony | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Courtroom Procedures | |
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| Helpful Hints for the Witness | |
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| Testimony Dos and Don'ts | |
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| Grand Juries | |
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| Forensic Science and Latent Fingerprint Texts | |
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| Physical Evidence Chart | |
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| General Instructions | |
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| Computer Evidence | |
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| Conducting the Search and/or Seizure | |
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| Entomological Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| At the Scene | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Index | |