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| Preface | |
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| How the Brain Gives Rise to the Mind | |
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| A Brief History: How We Got Here | |
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| In the Beginning: The Contents of Consciousness | |
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| Psychology in the World | |
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| Behaviorism: Reaction against the Unobservable | |
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| The Cognitive Revolution | |
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| Understanding the Mind: The Form of Theories of Cognition | |
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| Mind and Brain | |
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| Mental Representation | |
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| Mental Processing | |
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| Why the Brain? | |
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| Debate: What Is the Nature of Visual Mental Imagery? | |
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| The Cognitive Brain | |
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| Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Brain | |
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| Structure of the Nervous System | |
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| Studying Cognition | |
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| Converging Evidence for Dissociations and Associations | |
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| Behavioral Methods | |
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| Correlational Neural Methods: The Importance of Localization | |
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| Causal Neural Methods | |
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| Modeling | |
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| Neural-Network Models | |
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| Overview of the Book | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Perception | |
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| What It Means to Perceive | |
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| How It Works: The Case of Visual Perception | |
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| The Structure of the Visual System | |
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| Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing | |
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| Learning to See | |
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| Building from the Bottom Up: From Features to Objects | |
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| Processing Features, the Building Blocks of Perception | |
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| Putting It Together: What Counts, What Doesn't | |
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| Achieving Visual Recognition: Have I Seen You Before? | |
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| A Brain That Cannot Recognize | |
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| Models of Recognition | |
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| A Closer Look: Visual Feature Detectors in the Brain | |
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| Debate: A Set of Blocks or Cat's Cradle: Modular or Distributed Representations? | |
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| Interpreting from the Top Down: What You Know Guides What You See | |
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| Using Context | |
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| Models of Top-Down Processing | |
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| In Models and Brains: The Interactive Nature of Perception | |
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| Refining Recognition | |
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| Resolving Ambiguity | |
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| Seeing the "What" and the "Where" | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Attention | |
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| The Nature and Roles of Attention | |
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| Failures of Selection | |
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| Debate: Cars and Conversation | |
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| Successes of Selection | |
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| Explaining Attention: Information-Processing Theories | |
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| Early versus Late Attentional Selection | |
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| Spotlight Theory | |
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| Feature Integration Theory and Guided Search | |
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| Looking to the Brain | |
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| Electrophysiology and Human Attention | |
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| Functional Neuroimaging and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | |
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| Competition: A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention? | |
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| A Closer Look: Competition and Selection | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Representation and Knowledge in Long-Term Memory | |
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| Roles of Knowledge in Cognition | |
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| Representations and Their Formats | |
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| Memories and Representations | |
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| Four Possible Formats for Representations | |
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| A Closer Look: Behavioral Evidence for Mental Imagery | |
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| Debate: Do Amodal Representations Exist? | |
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| Multiple Representational Formats in Perception and Simulation | |
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| From Representation to Category Knowledge | |
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| The Inferential Power of Category Knowledge | |
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| The Multimodal Nature of Category Knowledge | |
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| Multimodal Mechanisms and Category Knowledge: Behavioral Evidence | |
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| Multimodal Mechanisms and Category Knowledge: Neural Evidence | |
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| Structures in Cateogry Knowledge | |
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| Exemplars and Rules | |
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| Prototypes and Typicality | |
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| Background Knowledge | |
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| Dynamic Representation | |
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| Category Domains and Organization | |
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| Distinguishing Domains of Category Knowledge in the Brain | |
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| Taxonomies and the Search for a "Basic Level" | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Encoding and Retrieval from Long-Term Memory | |
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| The Nature of Long-Term Memory | |
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| The Forms of Long-Term Memory | |
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| The Power of Memory: The Story of H.M. | |
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| Multiple Systems for Long-Term Learning and Remembering | |
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| Encoding: How Episodic Memories Are Formed | |
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| The Importance of Attention | |
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| Levels of Processing and Elaborative Encoding | |
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| A Closer Look: Transfer Appropriate Processing | |
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| Enhancers of Encoding: Generation and Spacing | |
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| Episodic Encoding, Binding, and the Medial Temporal Lobe | |
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| Consolidation: The Fixing of Memory | |
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| Retrieval: How We Recall the Past from Episodic Memory | |
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| Pattern Completion and Recapitulation | |
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| Episodic Retrieval and the Frontal Lobes | |
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| Cues for Retrieval | |
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| The Second Time Around: Recognizing Stimuli by Recollection and Familiarity | |
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| Misremembering the Past | |
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| Debate: "Remembering," "Knowing," and the Medial Temporal Lobes | |
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| The Encoding Was Successful, But I Still Can't Remember | |
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| Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Function | |
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| Forgetting and Competition | |
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| Nondeclarative Memory Systems | |
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| Priming | |
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| Beyond Priming: Other Forms of Nondeclarative Memory | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Working Memory | |
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| Using Working Memory | |
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| A Computer Metaphor | |
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| Implications of the Nature of Working Memory | |
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| From Primary Memory to Working Memory: A Brief History | |
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| William James: Primary Memory, Secondary Memory, and Consciousness | |
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| Early Studies: The Characteristics of Short-Term Memory | |
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| The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: The Relationship of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory | |
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| The Baddeley-Hitch Model: Working Memory | |
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| Understanding the Working Memory Model | |
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| The Phonological Loop: When It Works and When It Doesn't | |
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| The Visuospatial Scratchpad | |
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| The Central Executive | |
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| Debate: How Are Working Memory Functions Organized in the Brain? | |
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| Are There Really Two Distinct Storage Systems? | |
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| How Working Memory Works | |
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| Mechanisms of Active Maintenance | |
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| The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex: Storage or Control? | |
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| A Closer Look: Mechanisms of Working Memory Storage in the Monkey Brain | |
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| Current Directions | |
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| The Episodic Buffer | |
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| Person-to-Person Variation | |
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| The Role of Dopamine | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Executive Processes | |
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| The Frontal Lobe Connection | |
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| Frontal Damage and the Frontal Hypothesis | |
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| Executive Attention | |
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| A Neural-Network Model of Conflict in Processing | |
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| Executive Attention and Categorization | |
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| The Role of Consciousness | |
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| A Closer Look: Prefrontal Damage, Reasoning, and Category Decision | |
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| Switching Attention | |
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| The Costs of Switching | |
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| A Framework for Understanding Task Switching | |
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| The Neural-Switcher Hypothesis | |
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| What Gets Switched? | |
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| Inhibition of Response | |
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| Representative Cases of Response Inhibition | |
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| Development of Response Inhibition | |
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| Sequencing | |
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| Mechanisms for Sequencing | |
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| Sequencing Connected Items | |
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| Monitoring | |
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| Monitoring Working Memory | |
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| Monitoring for Errors | |
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| Debate: How Many Executive Processes Does It Take ...? | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Emotion and Cognition | |
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| The Connection | |
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| Defining Emotion | |
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| Basic Emotions | |
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| Dimensional Approaches | |
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| Manipulating and Measuring Emotion | |
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| Manipulation by Mood Induction | |
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| Manipulation by Evocative Stimuli | |
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| Measuring Emotion Directly | |
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| Measuring Emotion Indirectly | |
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| Emotional Learning: Acquiring Evaluations | |
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| Classical Conditioning | |
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| Instrumental Conditioning: Learning by Reward or Punishment | |
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| Instructional and Observational Learning | |
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| A Closer Look: Expressing Imaginary Fears | |
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| Mere Exposure | |
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| Emotion and Declarative Memory | |
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| Arousal and Memory | |
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| Stress and Memory | |
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| Mood and Memory | |
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| Memory for Emotional Public Events | |
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| Emotion, Attention, and Perception | |
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| Emotion and the Capture of Attention | |
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| Facilitation of Attention and Perception | |
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| Debate: Is the Detection of Threat Automatic? | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Decision Making | |
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| The Nature of a Decision | |
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| The Science of Decision Making | |
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| The Decision Tree | |
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| Rational Decision Making: The Expected Utility Model | |
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| How the Model Works | |
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| The Expected Utility Model and Behavioral Research | |
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| General Limitations of the Expected Utility Model | |
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| Neural Bases of Expected Utility Calculations | |
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| Human Decision Making and the Expected Utility Model: How Close a Fit? | |
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| Preference, Transitivity, and Procedural Invariance: Behavioral Violations | |
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| Rationality-Up to a Point | |
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| Debate: Are Humans Rational Animals? | |
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| Framing Effects and Prospect Theory | |
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| The Role of Emotions in Valuation: The Allais Paradox | |
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| The Role of Emotions in Valuation: Temporal Discounting and Dynamic Inconsistency | |
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| A Closer Look: Separate Systems Value Immediate versus Delayed Reward | |
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| Judgments in the Face of Ambiguity | |
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| Judgments about Likelihood in the Face of Uncertainty | |
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| Complex, Uncertain Decision Making | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Problem Solving and Reasoning | |
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| The Nature of Problem Solving | |
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| The Structure of a Problem | |
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| Problem Space Theory | |
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| Strategies and Heuristics | |
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| The Role of Working Memory and Executive Processes | |
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| How Experts Solve Problems | |
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| Analogical Reasoning | |
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| Using Analogies | |
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| Theories of Analogical Reasoning | |
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| Beyond Working Memory | |
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| Inductive Reasoning | |
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| General Inductions | |
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| Specific Inductions | |
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| Critical Brain Networks | |
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| Deductive Reasoning | |
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| Categorical Syllogisms | |
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| Conditional Syllogisms | |
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| Errors in Deductive Thinking | |
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| Theories of Deductive Reasoning | |
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| A Closer Look: Logic and Belief | |
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| Debate: Errors and Evolution | |
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| Linguistic versus Spatial Basis | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Motor Cognition and Mental Simulation | |
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| The Nature of Motor Cognition | |
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| Perception-Action Cycles | |
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| The Nature of Motor Processing in the Brain | |
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| The Role of Shared Representations | |
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| Mental Simulation and the Motor System | |
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| Motor Priming and Mental Representation | |
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| Motor Programs | |
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| Mental Simulation of Action | |
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| A Closer Look: Taking Perspective | |
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| Imitation | |
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| The Development of Imitation | |
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| The Cognitive Components of Imitation | |
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| Simulation Theories of Action Understanding | |
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| Debate: How Do We Know Whose Plan It Is? | |
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| Mirror Neurons and Self-Other Mapping | |
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| Biological Motion | |
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| The Perception of Biological Motion | |
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| Processing Biological Motion | |
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| Motor Cognition in Motion Perception | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Language | |
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| The Nature of Language | |
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| Levels of Language Representation | |
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| Language versus Animal Communication | |
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| Processes of Language Comprehension | |
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| The Triangle Model of the Lexicon | |
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| Ambiguity: A Pervasive Challenge to Comprehension | |
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| Speech Perception | |
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| A Closer Look: Multiple Hypotheses during Spoken Word Recognition | |
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| Representing Meaning | |
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| Sentence Comprehension | |
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| Figurative Language | |
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| Reading | |
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| Processes of Language Production | |
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| Grammatical Encoding | |
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| Phonological Encoding | |
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| Integrating Grammatical and Phonological Stages | |
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| Language, Thought, and Bilingualism | |
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| Language and Thought | |
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| Bilingualism | |
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| Debate: Are There Sensitive Periods for the Acquisition of Language? | |
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| Revisit and Reflect | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Subject Index | |
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| Author Index | |