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Becoming a Skilled Qualitative Researcher | |
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Technique Skills and Personal Skills | |
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The Basic Plan for this Text | |
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Identifying and Understanding the Basic Personal Skills | |
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Observing | |
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Conversing | |
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Participating | |
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Interpreting | |
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Looking at the World in a Different Way | |
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A Matter of Definition | |
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"Unpacking" the Definition | |
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The Big Deal about Meaning | |
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Qualitative Research as a "Big Tent" | |
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The Two Domains of Qualitative Research | |
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Qualitative Science | |
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Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Vision and Research | |
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The Mirror | |
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The Window | |
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The Lantern | |
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Types of Vision and the Two Domains | |
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Vision and Qualitative Science | |
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Vision and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Advanced Skills and Their Roles | |
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Questioning | |
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Data Gathering | |
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Analyzing | |
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Narrating | |
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Writing | |
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Moving from Experience to Reflection to Create a Skill | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: Introduction | |
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Observing | |
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The Quiet Place | |
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Reflecting on Observing | |
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Why Is Qualitative Research Observation So Difficult? | |
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Observer Types | |
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The Embracer | |
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The Photographer | |
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The Tape Recorder | |
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The Categorizer | |
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The Baseliner | |
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The Abstracter | |
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The Interacter | |
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The Reflecter | |
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Working with Observational Types | |
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Grounding Observational Skills | |
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Subordination | |
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Selection Issues | |
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Focus Issues | |
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Saturation | |
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Current Frontiers of Observation in Qualitative Research | |
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Parameters and Settings of Observation | |
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Observation and Technology | |
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Observation and the Arts | |
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Observation in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Mastering Observational Skills | |
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Observation and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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Final Thoughts on Observation | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: Looking for Potential Research Topics | |
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Conversing | |
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Table Talk | |
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REflecting on Conversing | |
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The Fine Art of Research Conversing | |
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Conversation and Holistic Communication | |
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The Six Functions of Verbal Communication | |
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The Referential Function | |
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The Emotive Function | |
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The Conative Function | |
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The Metalingual Function | |
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The Poetic Function | |
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The Phatic Function | |
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From Conversing to Interviewing | |
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Grounding Interview Skills | |
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The Classic Field Interview | |
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Conducting the Qualitative Research Interview | |
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Interactions in Interviews | |
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Focus Groups | |
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Online Focus Groups | |
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Specialized Types of Interviews | |
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Mastering Interview Skills | |
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Should I Conduct a Structured or an Unstructured Interview? | |
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How Many Questions Should I Ask? | |
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How Long Should Any Given Interview Be? | |
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How Should I Conduct My Interviews? | |
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Conversing and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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Final Thoughts on Conversing | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: Identifying Possible Settings and Participants | |
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Participating | |
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The Expert Case Study | |
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Reflecting on Participation | |
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Participant Observation | |
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Entry | |
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Rapport | |
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Finding and Cultivating Informants | |
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Fieldnotes | |
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Ethnography | |
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Basic Ethnographic Skills | |
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Advances and Evolutions in Ethnography | |
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Applied Field Research | |
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Learning in Groups | |
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School Countercultures | |
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Scientific Literacy | |
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Education Beyond Schools | |
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Basic Researchers and Teacher-Researchers | |
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Reflections on Classroom-Based Fieldwork | |
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Action Research | |
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Practical Participation | |
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Participatory Action Research | |
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Action Research as a Revolutionary Act | |
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Participation in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Perspectives Within Ethnography | |
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Perspectives Within Applied Field Research | |
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Perspectives Within Action Research | |
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A Quick Aside on Emic Versus Etic | |
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Mastering Fieldwork Skills | |
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Participation and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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Final Thoughts on Participation | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: First Informal Outline | |
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Interpreting | |
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Just Listen to the Music Play... | |
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Reflecting on Interpretation | |
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Mastering Description and Thick Description | |
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The Wink | |
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What Thick Description Is Not | |
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Subjectivity and Objectivity | |
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A Brief Summary of Subjectivity and Objectivity | |
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Historical Changes in Subjectivity and Objectivity | |
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Rethinking Subjectivity in Qualitative Research | |
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Self and Other | |
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Intersubjectivity | |
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The Nagging Issue of Multiple Realities | |
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Creating a Continuum for Interpretation | |
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Prediction | |
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Understanding | |
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Qualitative Science and Understanding | |
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Phenomenology and Understanding | |
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Hermeneutics and Understanding | |
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Critical Awareness | |
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Ideology and Critical Theory | |
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The Scope of Critical Theory | |
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The Nature of Feminist Critical Theory | |
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Critical Race Theory and Postcolonial Thinking | |
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Postmodern Awareness | |
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Structural and Poststructural Thought | |
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Structuralism | |
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Poststructuralism | |
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Postmodern Thought | |
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Deconstruction and Other Postmodern Methods | |
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Balancing Interpretive Frameworks | |
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Interpretation in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Interpretation and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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Back to the Music | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: First Theoretical Model | |
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Questioning | |
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Stalking the Wild Research Question | |
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Reflecting on the Role of Questioning | |
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Asking the Qualitative Research Question | |
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Types of Qualitative Questions | |
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Hypothesis Testing | |
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Exploration | |
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Exegesis into Empirical Meaning | |
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Critical Examination and Action | |
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Finding and Developing a Qualitative Research Target Area | |
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The Tactical Backdrop of Qualitative Questioning | |
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The Nature of Strategies | |
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Strategy and Anticipation | |
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Tactical Research | |
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An Example of Making a Quick Tactical Turn | |
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Evaluating Research Questions and Target Areas | |
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Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability in Qualitative Research | |
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Reliability | |
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Validity | |
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Generalizability | |
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Triangulation | |
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Alternatives to Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability in Qualitative Research | |
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Dependability | |
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Credibility | |
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Transferability | |
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Confirmability | |
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Trustworthiness | |
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Authenticity | |
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Questioning and the Literature Review | |
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The Role of the Literature Review in Quantitative Research | |
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The Role of the Literature Review in Qualitative Research | |
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Ethics and Qualitative Research | |
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General Ethical Guidelines | |
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Ethics and Qualitative Practice | |
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Questioning in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Questioning and Qualitative Science | |
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Questioning and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Questioning and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: First Draft of the Research Question | |
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Data Gathering | |
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Metaphor Repair | |
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Reflecting on the Data-Gathering Process | |
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Qualitative Data-Gathering Methods | |
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Case Study | |
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Alternative Case Study Types | |
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Cumulative Case Study | |
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Grounded Theory | |
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The Evolution of Grounded Theory | |
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The Glaser Approach to Grounded Theory | |
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The Strauss and Corbin Approach to Grounded Theory | |
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Further Resources for Grounded Theory | |
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Phenomenological and Hermeneutic Data-Gathering Methods | |
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Phenomenology | |
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Hermeneutics | |
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Comparing and Contrasting Phenomenological and Hermeneutic Methods | |
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Gender-Based Aspects of Data Gathering | |
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Feminist Approach to Data Gathering | |
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Queer Theory | |
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Semiotic Approaches to Data Gathering | |
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The Language of Signs | |
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The Logic of Signs | |
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Using Metaphors to Gather Data | |
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Metaphors in Quantitative Research | |
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Metaphors in Qualitative Research | |
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Qualitative Data Handling | |
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Data Gathering in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Data Gathering and Qualitative Science | |
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Data Gathering and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Data Gathering and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: Sorting and Ranking Potential Methods | |
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Analyzing | |
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Twenty Questions | |
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Reflecting on Analysis | |
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Common Phases of Qualitative Analysis | |
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Coding and Analysis | |
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Thematic Analysis | |
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Themes, Emergent or Otherwise | |
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The Key Characteristics of Thematic Analysis | |
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The Inductive Approach | |
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Feedback and Comparison | |
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Saturation | |
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Other Forms of Thematic Analysis | |
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Meaning Generation and Confirmation | |
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Procedures for Making Meaning | |
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Procedures for Verifying Meaning | |
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"Research Displays" That Incorporate Meaning and Verification | |
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Within-Case Displays | |
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Cross-Case Displays | |
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Description and Exploration in Cross-Case Displays | |
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Ordering and Explanation in Cross-Case Displays | |
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Other Approaches to Meaning Generation and Verification | |
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Synthesis and Illumination | |
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Analyzing Artifacts and Documents | |
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Analyzing Visual Data | |
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Computers and Qualitative Data | |
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Using Computers for Qualitative Research | |
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Using Computers for Qualitative Analysis | |
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Moving from Analysis to Evaluation | |
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Qualitative Evaluation Models | |
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Analyzing in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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Analysis and Qualitative Science | |
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Analysis and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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A Final Look at Analysis | |
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Analysis and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: Creating a Research Proposal Outline | |
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Narrating | |
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Once upon a Time... | |
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Reflecting on Narrating | |
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Narrative and Human Understanding | |
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Story Genres | |
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Myth | |
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Fable | |
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Folktale | |
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Legend | |
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Narrative | |
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Narrative Universals | |
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Phenomenology and Narrative | |
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Postmodernism and Narrative | |
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Metanarratives and Postmodern Genres | |
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Analyzing Narrative Data | |
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Conversation Analysis | |
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Narrative Analysis | |
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Narrative Influences on Research Thinking | |
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Narrating and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: First Draft of the Research Proposal | |
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Writing | |
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Focusing the Expert Case Study Report | |
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Reflecting on Research Writing | |
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Rhetoric and Research Writing | |
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A Quick List of Important Rhetorical Devices | |
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Specialized Rhetorical Tropes | |
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Rhetorical Trope Awareness | |
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From Rhetoric to the Research Tale | |
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The Research Tale | |
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The Realist Tale | |
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The Confessional Tale | |
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The Impressionist Tale | |
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The Less Common Tale | |
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The Practice of Research Writing | |
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Get into a Routine | |
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Find Your Focus | |
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Don't Duck the Details | |
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Know When and How to Get Feedback | |
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Follow Accepted Conventions | |
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Other Guides to Good Research Writing | |
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Exploring Alternative Models for Qualitative Research Writing | |
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Evaluating Qualitative Writing | |
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Writing as Qualitative Research | |
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Collective Biography | |
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Literary Analysis and Ethnography | |
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Poetry | |
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Writing and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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Going Beyond the Skills | |
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Planning Your Research Proposal: Final Draft of the Research Proposal | |
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The Seven Deadly Sins of Qualitative Research | |
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Standards, Virtues, and Pitfalls | |
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Murphy's Law | |
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The Primacy of the Research Question | |
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Bad Judgement in Qualitative Research | |
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The Seven Deadly Sins | |
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The Wisdom of the Seven Deadly Sins | |
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The Sin of Competitiveness, or "One Size Does Not Fit All" | |
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The Sin of Appropriation, or "Qualitative Research Is Not an Envelope" | |
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The Sin of Rigidity, or "You Cannot Tame Everything" | |
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The Sin of Superficiality, or "A Comfortable Idea Is Probably Wrong" | |
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The Sin of Sentimentality, or "The World Is Not for Your Entertainment" | |
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The Sin of Narcissism, or "Life Will Go on Without You" | |
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The Sin of Timidity, or "A Good Idea Is Worth Defending" | |
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Dealing with the Deadly Sins | |
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An Informal Exercise | |
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Once and Future Qualitative Research | |
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Capturing Qualitative Research | |
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The Beginnings of the Qualitative Tradition | |
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The March Toward Quantification | |
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The Scientific Paradigm Shifts | |
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Social Science Tackles Social Reality | |
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The Key Perspectives Fall into Place | |
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Histories of Qualitative Research Within the Disciplines | |
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The Three Directions of Qualitative Practice | |
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Moving Against Quantitative Ideas | |
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Moving with Quantitative Ideas | |
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Moving Away from Quantitative Ideas | |
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Questions from the Frontiers of Qualitative Research | |
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Is There a Spiritual Dimension to Qualitative Research? | |
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Is Qualitative Research Under Attack? | |
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How Should We Prepare the Next Generation of Qualitative Researchers? | |
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Six Quick Trips to the Far Frontiers | |
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Back to the Quiet Place | |
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References | |