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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Surveying Principles | |
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Surveying Fundamentals | |
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Surveying Defined | |
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Surveying: General Background | |
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Control Surveys | |
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Preliminary Surveys | |
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Surveying Instruments | |
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Construction Surveys | |
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Distance Measurement | |
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Angle Measurement | |
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Position Measurement | |
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Units of Measurement | |
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Stationing | |
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Types of Construction Projects | |
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Random and Systematic Errors | |
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Accuracy and Precision | |
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Mistakes | |
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Field Notes | |
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Review Questions | |
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Distance Measurement | |
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Methods of Linear Measurement | |
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Gunter's Chain | |
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Tapes | |
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Steel Tapes | |
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Taping Accessories and Their Use | |
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Taping Techniques | |
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Taping Corrections | |
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Systematic Taping Errors and Corrections | |
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Random Taping Errors | |
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Techniques for "Ordinary" Taping Precision | |
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Mistakes in Taping | |
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Field Notes for Taping | |
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Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) | |
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Electronic Angle Measurement | |
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Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) | |
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EDM Characteristics | |
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Prisms | |
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EDM Instrument Accuracies | |
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EDM Operation | |
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Geometry of Electronic Distance Measurements | |
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EDM Without Reflecting Prisms | |
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Problems | |
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Leveling | |
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General Background | |
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Theory of Differential Leveling | |
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Curvature and Refraction | |
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Types of Surveying Levels | |
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Leveling Rods | |
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Definitions for Differential Leveling | |
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Techniques of Leveling | |
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Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys) | |
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Profile and Cross-Section Leveling | |
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Reciprocal Leveling | |
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Peg Test | |
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Three-Wire Leveling | |
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Trigonometric Leveling | |
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Level Loop Adjustments | |
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Suggestions for Rod Work | |
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Suggestions for Instrument Work | |
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Mistakes in Leveling | |
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Problems | |
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Angles and Theodolites | |
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General Background | |
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Reference Directions for Vertical Angles | |
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Meridians | |
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Horizontal Angles | |
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Theodolites | |
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Electronic Theodolites | |
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Theodolite/Total Station Setup | |
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Repeating Optical Theodolites | |
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Angle Measurement with an Optical Theodolite | |
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Direction Optical Theodolites | |
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Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite | |
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Geometry of the Theodolite and Total Station | |
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Adjustment of the Theodolite and Total Station | |
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Laying Off Angles | |
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Prolonging a Straight Line (Double Centering) | |
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Bucking-In (Interlining) | |
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Intersection of Two Straight Lines | |
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Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation over an Obstacle | |
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Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle | |
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Review Questions | |
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Total Stations | |
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General Background | |
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Total Station Capabilities | |
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Total Station Field Techniques | |
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Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys | |
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Field-Generated Graphics | |
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Construction Layout Using Total Stations | |
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Motorized Total Stations | |
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Summary of Modern Total Station Characteristics and Capabilities | |
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Instruments Combining Total Station Capabilities and GPS Receiver Capabilities | |
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Portable/Handheld Total Stations | |
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Review Questions | |
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Traverse Surveys and Computations | |
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General Background | |
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Balancing Field Angles | |
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Meridians | |
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Bearings | |
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Azimuths | |
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Latitudes and Departures | |
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Traverse Precision and Accuracy | |
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Compass Rule Adjustment | |
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Effects of Traverse Adjustments on Measured Angles and Distances | |
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Omitted Measurement Computations | |
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Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations | |
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Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method | |
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Problems | |
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An Introduction to Geomatics | |
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Geomatics Defined | |
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Branches of Geomatics | |
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Data-Collection Branch | |
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Design and Plotting | |
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Contours | |
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Aerial Photography | |
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Airborne and Satellite Imagery | |
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Remote-Sensing Satellites | |
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Geographic Information System (GIS) | |
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Database Management | |
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Metadata | |
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Spatial Entities or Features | |
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Typical Data Representation | |
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Spatial Data Models | |
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GIS Data Structures | |
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Topology | |
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Remote Sensing Internet Web Sites and Further Reading | |
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Review Questions | |
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Problems | |
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Satellite Positioning | |
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General Background | |
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Global Positioning System | |
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Receivers | |
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Satellite Constellations | |
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GPS Satellite Signals | |
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Position Measurements | |
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Errors | |
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Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) | |
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Canadian Active Control System | |
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Survey Planning | |
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GPS Field Procedures | |
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GPS Applications | |
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Vertical Positioning | |
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Conclusion | |
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GPS Glossary | |
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Recommended Readings | |
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Review Questions | |
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Horizontal Control Surveys | |
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General Background | |
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Plane Coordinate Grids | |
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Lambert Projection | |
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Transverse Mercator Grid System | |
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Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System | |
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Use of Grid Coordinates | |
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Illustrative Examples | |
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Horizontal Control Techniques | |
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Project Control | |
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Review Questions | |
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Problems | |
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Construction Applications: General Background | |
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Modern Construction Surveying Practices | |
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General Background | |
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Grade | |
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Machine Guidance and Control | |
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Three-Dimensional Data Files | |
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Summary of the 3D Design Process | |
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Web Site References for Data Collection, DTM, and Civil Design | |
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Review Questions | |
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Highway Curves | |
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Route Surveys | |
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Circular Curves: General Background | |
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Circular Curve Geometry | |
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Circular Curve Deflections | |
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Chord Calculations | |
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Metric Considerations | |
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Field Procedure | |
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Moving up on the Curve | |
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Offset Curves | |
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Compound Circular Curves | |
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Reverse Curves | |
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Vertical Curves: General Background | |
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Geometric Properties of the Parabola | |
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Computation of the High or the Low Point on a Vertical Curve | |
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Computing a Vertical Curve | |
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Design Considerations | |
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Spiral Curves: General Background | |
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Spiral Curve Computations | |
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Spiral Layout Procedure Summary | |
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Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems | |
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Superelevation: General Background | |
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Superelevation Design | |
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Review Questions | |
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Problems | |
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Highway Construction Surveys | |
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Preliminary (Preengineering) Surveys | |
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Highway Design | |
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Highway Construction Layout | |
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Clearing, Grubbing, and Stripping Topsoil | |
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Placement of Slope Stakes | |
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Layout for Line and Grade | |
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Grade Transfer | |
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Ditch Construction | |
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Review Questions | |
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Municipal Street Construction Surveys | |
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General Background | |
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Classification of Roads and Streets | |
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Road Allowances | |
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Road Cross Sections | |
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Plan and Profile | |
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Establishing Centerline ([characters not reproducible]) | |
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Establishing Offset Lines and Construction Control | |
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Construction Grades for a Curbed Street | |
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Street Intersections | |
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Sidewalk Construction | |
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Site Grading | |
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Problems | |
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Pipeline and Tunnel Construction Surveys | |
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Pipeline Construction | |
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Sewer Construction | |
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Layout for Line and Grade | |
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Catch-Basin Construction Layout | |
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Tunnel Construction | |
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Problems | |
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Culvert and Bridge Construction Surveys | |
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Culvert Construction | |
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Culvert Reconstruction | |
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Bridge Construction: General Background | |
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Contract Drawings | |
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Layout Computations | |
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Offset Distance Computations | |
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Dimension Verification | |
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Vertical Control | |
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Cross Sections for Footing Excavations | |
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Review Questions | |
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Building Construction Surveys | |
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Building Construction: General Background | |
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Single-Story Construction | |
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Multistory Construction | |
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Review Questions | |
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Quantity and Final Surveys | |
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Construction Quantity Measurements: General Background | |
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Area Computations | |
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Area by Graphical Analysis | |
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Construction Volumes | |
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Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes | |
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Prismoidal Formula | |
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Volume Computations by Geometric Formulas | |
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Final (As-Built) Surveys | |
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Problems | |
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Trigonometry and Coordinate Geometry Review | |
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Trigonometric Definitions and Identities | |
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Coordinate Geometry | |
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Surveying and Mapping Web Sites | |
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Glossary | |
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Typical Field Projects | |
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Field Notes | |
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Project 1: Building Measurements | |
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Project 2: Experiment to Determine Normal Tension | |
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Project 3: Field Traverse Measurements with a Steel Tape | |
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Project 4: Differential Leveling | |
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Project 5: Traverse Angle Measurements and Closure Computations | |
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Project 6: Topographic Survey | |
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Project 7: Building Layout | |
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Project 8: Horizontal Curve | |
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Project 9: Pipeline Layout | |
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Answers to Selected Problems | |
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Steel Tape Corrections | |
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Erroneous Tape-Length Corrections | |
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Temperature Corrections | |
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Tension and Sag Corrections | |
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Problems | |
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Early Surveying | |
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Evolution of Surveying | |
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Dumpy Level | |
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The Engineer's Vernier Transit | |
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Stadia | |
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Problems | |
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Illustrations of Machine Control and of Various Data-Capture Techniques | |
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Index | |