| |
| |
| To the Instructor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preliminary: The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing About Literature | |
| |
| |
| What Is Literature, and Why Do We Study It? | |
| |
| |
| Types of Literature: The Genres | |
| |
| |
| Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively | |
| |
| |
| The Necklace | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reading and Responding in a Notebook or Computer File | |
| |
| |
| Writing Essays on Literary Topics | |
| |
| |
| The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought | |
| |
| |
| Three Major Stages in Thinking and Writing: Discovering Ideas, Making Initial Drafts, and Completing the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming") | |
| |
| |
| Assembling Materials and Beginning to Write | |
| |
| |
| Drafting Your Essay | |
| |
| |
| Writing a First Draft | |
| |
| |
| Developing an Outline | |
| |
| |
| The Use of References and Quotations in Writing About Literature | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay (First Draft): How Setting in "The Necklace" Is Related to the Character of Mathilde | |
| |
| |
| Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision | |
| |
| |
| Checking Development and Organization | |
| |
| |
| Using Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay (Revised Draft): How Maupassant Uses Setting in "The Necklace" to Show the Character of Mathilde | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Essay Commentaries | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing the Writing Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing About a Close Reading: Analyzing Entire Short Poems or Selected Short Passages from Fiction, Longer Poems, and Plays | |
| |
| |
| The Purpose and Requirements of a Close-Reading Essay | |
| |
| |
| The Location of the Passage in a Longer Work | |
| |
| |
| Writing About the Close Reading of a Passage in a Prose Work, Drama, or Longer Poem | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay: Reading a Passage in Mark Twain's "Luck" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Writing an Essay on the Close Reading of a Poem | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay: A Close Reading of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing the Close Reading of Literary Works | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing About Character: The People in Literature | |
| |
| |
| Character Traits | |
| |
| |
| How Authors Disclose Character in Literature | |
| |
| |
| Types of Characters: Round and Flat | |
| |
| |
| Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude | |
| |
| |
| Writing About Character | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay: The Character of Minnie Wright in Susan Glaspell's Trifles | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing Character | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing About Point of View: The Position or Stance of the Work's Narrator or Speaker | |
| |
| |
| An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident | |
| |
| |
| Conditions That Affect Point of View | |
| |
| |
| Determining a Work's Point of View | |
| |
| |
| Mingling Points of View | |
| |
| |
| Summary: Guidelines for Point of View | |
| |
| |
| Writing About Point of View | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay: Bierce's Control of Point of View in "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing Point of View | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing About Plot and Structure: The Development and Organization of Narratives and Drama | |
| |
| |
| Plot: The Motivation and Causation of Narratives and Plays | |
| |
| |
| Writing About the Plot of a Story or Play | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay (on Plot): Conflicting Values in Thomas Hardy's "The Three Strangers" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Structure: The Organization of Fiction, Poetry, and Drama | |
| |
| |
| Formal Categories of Structure | |
| |
| |
| Formal and Actual Structure | |
| |
| |
| Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing About Structure in Fiction, Poetry, and Drama | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay (on Structure): Conflict and Suspense in Thomas Hardy's "The Three Strangers" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing Plot and Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing About Setting: The Background of Place, Objects, and Culture in Literature | |
| |
| |
| What Is Setting? | |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Setting in Literature | |
| |
| |
| Writing About Setting | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay: Poe's Use of Interior Setting to Augment the Eeriness of "The Masque of the Red Death" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing Setting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing About an Idea or a Theme: The Meanings and the Messages in Literature | |
| |
| |
| Ideas and Assertions | |
| |
| |
| Ideas and Values | |
| |
| |
| The Place of Ideas in Literature | |
| |
| |
| How to Find Ideas | |
| |
| |
| Writing About a Major Idea in Literature | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay: The Idea of Love's Power in Chekhov's The Bear | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing Ideas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing About Symbolism and Allegory: Keys to Extended Meaning | |
| |
| |
| Symbolism | |
| |
| |
| Allegory | |
| |
| |
| Fable, Parable, and Myth | |
| |
| |
| Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory | |
| |
| |
| Writing About Symbolism and Allegory | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay: Symbolism in William Butler Yeats's "The Second Coming" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay: The Allegory of Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing Symbolism and Allegory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing About a Work in Its Historical, Intellectual, and Cultural Context | |
| |
| |
| History, Culture, and Multiculturalism | |
| |
| |
| Literature in Its Time and Place | |
| |
| |
| Writing About a Work in Its Historical and Cultural Context | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay: Hughes's References to Black Servitude and Black Pride in "Negro" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing Works in Their Historical, Intellectual, and Cultural Context | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing Essays of Comparison-Contrast and Extended Comparison-Contrast: Learning by Seeing Literary Works Together | |
| |
| |
| Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Method | |
| |
| |
| The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay | |
| |
| |
| Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay (Comparing and Contrasting Two Works): The Implication of "Westward" in Wordsworth's "Stepping Westward" and Donne's "Good Friday, 1613, Riding Westward" | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Illustrative Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of Conflicts Between Private and Public Life | |
| |
| |
| Commentary on the Essay | |
| |
| |
| Special Topics for Studying and Discussing Comparison and Contrast | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing Examinations on Literature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Critical Approaches Important in the Study of Literature | |
| |
| |
| |
| MLA Recommendations for Documenting Electronic Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Works Used for References and Illustrative Essays | |
| |
| |
| Stories | |
| |
| |
| An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Story of an Hour | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unfinished Masterpieces | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Three Strangers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Young Goodman Brown | |
| |
| |
| |
| Miss Brill | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Necklace [in Chapter 1] | |
| |
| |
| |
| First Confession | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Masque of the Red Death | |
| |
| |
| |
| Luck | |
| |
| |
| |
| Poems | |
| |
| |
| Dover Beach | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Tyger | |
| |
| |
| |
| My Last Duchess | |
| |
| |
| |
| Good Friday, 1613, Riding Westward | |
| |
| |
| |
| Desert Places | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Road Not Taken | |
| |
| |
| |
| Channel Firing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Man He Killed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Negro | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bright Star | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rhine Boat Trip | |
| |
| |
| |
| Patterns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anthem for Doomed Youth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ballad of Birmingham | |
| |
| |
| |
| Echo | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold [in Chapter 5] | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Boxes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stepping Westward | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Second Coming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plays | |
| |
| |
| The Bear | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trifles | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Glossary of Important Literary Terms | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Index of Authors and Titles, Topics, Directors, Producers, and Chapter Titles | |