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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamentals of Statistics | |
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| The Five Basic Words of Statistics | |
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| Population | |
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| Sample | |
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| Parameter | |
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| Statistic | |
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| Variable | |
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| The Branches of Statistics | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Inferential Statistics | |
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| Sources of Data | |
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| Published Sources | |
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| Experiments | |
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| Surveys | |
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| Sampling Concepts | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Probability Sampling | |
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| Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Frame | |
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| Sample Selection Methods | |
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| Sampling With Replacement | |
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| Sampling Without Replacement | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Presenting Data in Charts and Tables | |
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| Presenting Categorical Data | |
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| The Summary Table | |
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| The Bar Chart | |
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| The Pie Chart | |
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| The Pareto Diagram | |
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| Two-Way Cross-Classification Tables | |
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| Presenting Numerical Data | |
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| The Frequency and Percentage Distribution | |
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| Histogram | |
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| The Dot Scale Diagram | |
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| The Time-Series Plot | |
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| The Scatter Plot | |
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| Misusing Graphs | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Descriptive Statistics for Numerical Variables | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| The Mean | |
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| The Median | |
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| The Mode | |
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| Quartiles | |
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| Measures of Variation | |
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| The Range | |
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| The Variance and the Standard Deviation | |
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| Standard (Z) Scores | |
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| Shape of Distributions | |
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| Symmetrical Shape | |
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| Left-Skewed Shape | |
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| Right-Skewed Shape | |
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| The Box-and-Whisker Plot | |
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| Important Equations | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Probability | |
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| Getting Started with Probability | |
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| Event | |
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| Elementary Event | |
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| Random Variable | |
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| Probability | |
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| Collectively Exhaustive Events | |
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| Some Rules of Probability | |
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| Assigning Probabilities | |
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| Classical Approach | |
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| Empirical Approach | |
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| Subjective Approach | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Probability Distributions | |
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| Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables | |
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| Discrete Probability Distribution | |
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| The Expected Value of a Random Variable | |
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| Standard Deviation of a Random Variable ([sigma]) | |
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| The Binomial and Poisson Probability Distributions | |
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| The Binomial Distribution | |
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| The Poisson Distribution | |
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| Continuous Probability Distributions and the Normal Distribution | |
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| Normal Distribution | |
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| Using Standard Deviation Units | |
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| Finding the Z Value from the Area Under the Normal Curve | |
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| The Normal Probability Plot | |
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| Important Equations | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Sampling Distributions and Confidence Intervals | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| Sampling Distribution | |
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| Sampling Distribution of the Mean and the Central Limit Theorem | |
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| Sampling Distribution of the Proportion | |
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| What You Need to Know About Sampling Distributions | |
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| Sampling Error and Confidence Intervals | |
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| Sampling Error | |
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| Confidence Interval Estimate | |
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| Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean Using the t Distribution ([sigma] Unknown) | |
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| t Distribution | |
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| Confidence Interval Estimation for the Proportion | |
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| Important Equations | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing | |
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| The Null and Alternative Hypotheses | |
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| Null Hypothesis | |
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| Alternative Hypothesis | |
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| Hypothesis Testing Issues | |
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| Test Statistic | |
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| Practical Significance Versus Statistical Significance | |
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| Decision-Making Risks | |
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| Type I Error | |
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| Type II Error | |
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| Risk Trade-Off | |
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| Performing Hypothesis Testing | |
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| The p-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing | |
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| p-Value | |
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| Types of Hypothesis Tests | |
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| Number of Groups | |
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| Relationship Stated in Alternative Hypothesis H[subscript 1] | |
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| Type of Variable | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Hypothesis Testing: Z and t Tests | |
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| Testing for the Difference Between Two Proportions | |
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| Testing for the Difference Between the Means of Two Independent Groups | |
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| Pooled-Variance t Test | |
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| Pooled-Variance t Test Assumptions | |
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| The Paired t Test | |
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| Important Equations | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Hypothesis Testing: Chi-Square Tests and the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | |
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| Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables | |
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| One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Testing for the Differences Among the Means of More Than Two Groups | |
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| One-Way ANOVA | |
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| The Three Variances of ANOVA | |
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| ANOVA Summary Table | |
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| One-Way ANOVA Assumptions | |
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| Important Equations | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Regression Analysis | |
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| Basics of Regression Analysis | |
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| Simple Linear Regression | |
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| Determining the Simple Linear Regression Equation | |
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| Y intercept | |
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| Slope | |
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| Least-Squares Method | |
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| Regression Model Prediction | |
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| Measures of Variation | |
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| Regression Sum of Squares (SSR) | |
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| Error Sum of Squares (SSE) | |
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| Total Sum of Squares (SST) | |
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| The Coefficient of Determination | |
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| The Coefficient of Correlation | |
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| Standard Error of the Estimate | |
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| Regression Assumptions | |
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| Residual Analysis | |
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| Residual | |
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| Evaluating the Assumptions | |
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| Inferences About the Slope | |
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| t Test for the Slope | |
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| Confidence Interval Estimate of the Slope ([beta subscript 1]) | |
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| Common Mistakes Using Regression Analysis | |
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| Important Equations | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Quality and Six Sigma Management Applications of Statistics | |
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| Total Quality Management | |
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| Six Sigma Management | |
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| Six Sigma | |
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| The Six Sigma DMAIC Model | |
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| Control Charts | |
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| Special or Assignable Causes of Variation | |
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| Chance or Common Causes of Variation | |
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| Control Limits | |
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| The p Chart | |
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| The Parable of the Red Bead Experiment: Understanding Process Variability | |
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| Deming's Red Bead Experiment | |
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| Variables Control Charts for the Mean and Range | |
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| Important Equations | |
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| One-Minute Summary | |
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| Test Yourself | |
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| Answers to Test Yourself Questions | |
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| References | |
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| TI Statistical Calculator Settings and Microsoft Excel Settings | |
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| TI Statistical Calculator Settings | |
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| "Ready State" Assumptions | |
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| Menu Selections | |
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| Statistical Function Entries by Menus | |
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| Primary Key Legend Convention | |
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| Mode Settings | |
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| Calculator Clearing and Reset | |
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| Data Storage | |
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| Microsoft Excel Settings | |
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| Review of Arithmetic and Algebra | |
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| Assessment Quiz | |
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| Part 1 | |
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| Part 2 | |
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| Symbols | |
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| Addition | |
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| Subtraction | |
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| Multiplication | |
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| Division | |
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| Fractions | |
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| Exponents and Square Roots | |
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| Equations | |
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| Answers to Quiz | |
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| Part 1 | |
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| Part 2 | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| The Cumulative Standardized Normal Distribution | |
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| Critical Values of t | |
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| Critical Values of X[superscript 2] | |
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| Critical Values of F | |
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| Control Chart Factors | |
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| Using Microsoft Excel Wizards | |
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| Using the Chart Wizard | |
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| Choosing the Best Chart Options | |
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| Using the PivotTable Wizard | |
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| Using the Data Analysis Tools | |
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| Simple Linear Regression | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |