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| What Does "Living with Earth" Mean? | |
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| Environmental Geology and You | |
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| How People and Earth Interact | |
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| Human Population | |
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| Resource Consumption | |
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| The Technology Factor | |
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| Earth's Impact on People | |
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| In the News: the Increasing Costs of U.S. Natural Disasters | |
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| How Earth Systems Interact | |
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| Energy and Systems | |
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| Matter and Systems | |
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| Two Types of Systems | |
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| How Science Helps | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| Science in Your Future | |
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| Availability of Water | |
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| Transition from Oil to Other Energy Sources | |
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| The Effects of Global Climate Change | |
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| How to Achieve Sustainability in the Future | |
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| Sustaining Biodiversity | |
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| Carrying Capacity | |
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| Easter Island | |
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| Understanding Your Role | |
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| Earth Systems | |
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| Earth's Geosphere | |
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| The Geosphere's Origin | |
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| The Compositional Structure of the Geosphere | |
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| The Core | |
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| The Mantle | |
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| The Crust | |
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| The Physical Structure of the Geosphere | |
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| The Inner and Outer Core | |
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| The Lower Mantle | |
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| The Mantle Transition Zone | |
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| The Upper Mantle | |
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| The Asthenosphere | |
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| The Lithosphere | |
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| Earth's Atmosphere | |
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| The Atmosphere's Origin | |
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| The Second Atmosphere | |
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| The Third Atmosphere | |
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| The Compositional Structure of the Atmosphere | |
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| The Homosphere | |
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| The Heterosphere | |
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| The Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere | |
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| The Troposphere | |
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| The Stratosphere | |
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| The Mesosphere | |
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| The Thermosphere | |
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| Earth's Hydrosphere | |
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| Origin of Earth's Water | |
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| In the News: Deep Impact Investigating Water's Origin | |
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| Reservoirs in the Hydrosphere | |
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| The World Ocean | |
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| Glaciers, Ice Caps, and Ice Sheets | |
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| The Water Cycle | |
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| You Make the Call: Whose Water Is It? | |
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| Earth's Biosphere | |
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| Life's Beginnings | |
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| Evolution | |
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| Establishing the Foundation | |
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| Darwin and Wallace | |
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| Natural Selection | |
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| Extinctions | |
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| Mass Extinctions | |
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| The Passenger Pigeon | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Mass Extinctions | |
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| Understanding Geologic Time and Earth History | |
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| Relative Geologic Ages | |
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| Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| Fossil Succession | |
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| The Geologic Time Scale | |
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| Absolute Geologic Ages | |
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| Natural Clocks | |
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| Radiometric Dating | |
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| Rates of Earth-System Processes | |
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| People's Place in Earth History | |
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| The Dynamic Geosphere and Plate Tectonics | |
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| Early Thoughts About Moving Continents | |
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| Setting the Stage | |
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| Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift | |
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| Explaining Moving Continents Plate Tectonics | |
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| Wandering Magnetic Poles | |
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| Exploring the Ocean Basins | |
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| Seafloor Spreading | |
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| Magnetic Stripes | |
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| Earthquakes Provide Another Test | |
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| Plate Tectonics Today | |
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| Plate Boundaries Where the Action Is | |
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| In the News: Watching Earth Move | |
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| Divergent Plate Boundaries | |
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| Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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| Transform Plate Boundaries | |
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| You Make the Call: Living on a Plate Boundary | |
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| Plate Tectonics the Big Picture | |
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| Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes | |
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| What You Can Do: Keep Track of Earthquakes | |
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| Plate Tectonics and Volcanoes | |
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| Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building | |
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| Accretion along the Continental Margin | |
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| Compression at Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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| Collision of Continents at Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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| The Role of Magma | |
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| Plate Tectonics and Mineral Resources | |
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| Geosphere Materials | |
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| The Geosphere's Chemical Composition | |
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| The Composition of the Geosphere | |
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| The Composition of the Crust | |
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| Minerals Where Elements Reside | |
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| Making Minerals | |
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| Quartz the Silicon and Oxygen Mineral | |
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| Physical Properties and Occurrence | |
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| Silicosis | |
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| The Feldspars | |
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| Physical Properties and Occurrence | |
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| Changing Feldspars | |
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| The Ferromagnesium Minerals | |
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| Olivine and Pyroxene | |
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| Changing Olivine and Pyroxene to Serpentine | |
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| In the News: 9/11 Dust | |
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| Biotite and Amphibole | |
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| Living (and Dying) with Fibrous Amphibole | |
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| Other Minerals the Sulfides, Oxides, and Carbonates | |
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| Sulfides | |
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| Oxides | |
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| Carbonates | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Mineral Use | |
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| Rocks Where Minerals Reside | |
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| Making Oceanic Crust | |
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| Making Continental Crust | |
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| Changing Rocks in the Rock Cycle | |
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| Igneous Rocks and Crustal Melting | |
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| Weathering and Erosion | |
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| Sedimentation and Lithification | |
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| Metamorphism | |
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| Using Rocks | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Rock Use | |
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| Aggregate | |
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| Aggregate Mining and the Environment | |
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| Physical Disturbances | |
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| Dust and Noise | |
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| Congestion and Safety | |
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| You Make the Call: Aggregate Mining in Your Neighborhood | |
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| Earthquakes | |
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| Earthquake Basics | |
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| What Earthquakes Are | |
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| Where Earthquakes Occur | |
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| Transform Plate Boundaries | |
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| Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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| Divergent Plate Boundaries | |
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| Intraplate Earthquakes | |
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| Earthquakes and Faults | |
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| The Elastic Rebound Theory of Earthquakes | |
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| Creepy Faults | |
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| Earthquake Waves | |
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| Body Waves | |
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| Surface Waves | |
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| Investigating Earthquakes | |
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| Measuring Earthquakes | |
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| Strong-Motion Seismometers | |
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| Experiencing What Seismometers Measure | |
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| Earthquake Magnitude | |
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| Earthquake Intensity | |
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| What You Can Do: Map Earthquake Intensity | |
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| Locating Earthquakes | |
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| Locating the Epicenter | |
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| Determining Earthquake Depth | |
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| Earthquake Hazards | |
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| Ground Shaking | |
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| Magnitude | |
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| Distance from the Focus | |
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| Site Geology | |
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| Ground Displacement and Failure | |
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| Liquefaction | |
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| Slope Failure | |
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| Surface Ruptures | |
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| Crustal Deformation | |
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| Tsunamis | |
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| Fires | |
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| Construction Design | |
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| In the News: the Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake | |
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| Earthquake Prediction | |
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| Short-Term Predictions | |
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| Forecasts | |
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| Seismic Gaps | |
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| Recurrence Intervals | |
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| Making Forecasts | |
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| Mitigating Earthquake Hazards | |
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| Earthquake Hazards Mapping | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Earthquake Hazards | |
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| Engineering for Earthquakes | |
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| Emergency Response | |
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| Earthquake Early Warning Systems | |
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| Public Education and Preparedness | |
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| In the News: Tsunami Education Saves Lives | |
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| Tsunami Warning Systems | |
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| You Make the Call: Who Is Responsible for Tsunami Warning Systems? | |
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| Volcanoes | |
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| Volcano Basics | |
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| What Volcanoes Are | |
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| Defining and Counting Volcanoes | |
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| Types of Magmas | |
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| Types of Volcanoes | |
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| Shield Volcanoes | |
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| Flood Basalts | |
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| Cinder Cones | |
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| Stratovolcanoes | |
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| Large Calderas | |
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| Eruption Magnitude | |
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| The Benefits of Volcanoes | |
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| Volcanoes: Where and Why | |
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| Volcanoes at Divergent Plate Boundaries | |
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| Volcanoes at Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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| Volcanoes Within Plates | |
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| The Coast Might Be Toast (Someday) | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Volcanism in Your State | |
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| Volcanic Hazards | |
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| Hazards of Stratovolcanoes | |
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| Ash Hazards on the Ground | |
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| Ash Hazards in the Atmosphere | |
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| Pyroclastic Flows | |
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| Lahars | |
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| A Stratovolcano in Action: Mount St. Helens | |
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| Hazards of Shield Volcanoes | |
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| Lava Flows | |
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| Shield Volcanoes in Action: Kilauea | |
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| Volcanic Gases | |
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| Hazards to People | |
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| Hazards to Plant Life | |
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| Climate Changes | |
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| In the News: Getting Your Own Weekly Volcano Report | |
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| Living with Volcanoes | |
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| Going to War with Pele | |
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| How Science Helps | |
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| Volcanology a Hazardous Profession | |
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| Hazard Assessments | |
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| Monitoring Volcanic Activity | |
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| Monitoring Eruption Precursors | |
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| Volcanic Crisis Response | |
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| Pinatubo: A Successful Crisis Response | |
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| What Made the Difference? | |
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| How Communities Respond to Volcanic Hazards | |
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| You Make the Call: Living in the Shadow of Mount Rainier | |
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| Rivers and Flooding | |
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| River Basics | |
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| Watersheds | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Your Watershed | |
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| Flow, Discharge, and Channels | |
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| Base Level | |
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| Longitudinal Profiles and Gradient | |
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| Erosion | |
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| Sediment Transport | |
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| Sediment Deposition | |
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| Floodplains | |
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| Floods | |
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| What Floods Are | |
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| Precipitation and Flooding | |
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| Intensity | |
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| Duration | |
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| Timing | |
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| Failing Dams and Flooding | |
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| Failure of Landslide Dams | |
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| Failure of Ice Dams | |
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| Failure of Constructed Dams | |
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| Land Use and Flooding | |
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| Effect of Cultivation | |
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| Loss of Wetlands | |
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| Urbanization | |
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| In the News: the Eastern Deluge of 2006 | |
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| Man-Made Floods | |
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| Types of River Floods | |
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| Flash Floods | |
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| Riverine Floods | |
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| Measuring and Forecasting Floods | |
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| Hydrographs | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Real-Time Stream Gage Data | |
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| Flood Recurrence Intervals | |
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| The 100-Year Flood | |
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| Flood Probability | |
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| Limitations of Historical Data | |
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| Living with Floods | |
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| Flood Hazards | |
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| Mitigating Floods: the Structural Approach | |
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| Channel Alteration | |
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| Flood-Control Dams | |
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| You Make the Call: Would You Build the Three Gorges Dam? | |
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| Diversion Channels/Floodways | |
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| Detention Ponds | |
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| The Mississippi River Flood-Control System | |
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| Pros and Cons of the Structural Approach | |
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| Mitigating Floods: the Nonstructural Approach | |
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| The U.S. National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) | |
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| Relocations and Voluntary Buyouts | |
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| Sustainable Floodplain Management | |
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| Unstable Land | |
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| Slope Stability Basics | |
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| The Driving Force Gravity | |
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| Resisting Gravity | |
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| Slope Materials | |
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| Slope Steepness | |
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| Water Content | |
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| Vegetation | |
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| Types of Unstable Land | |
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| Slope Failures | |
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| Falls | |
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| Slides | |
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| Flows | |
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| What You Can Do: Tour an Earthflow | |
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| Creep | |
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| Complex Mass Movements | |
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| Subsidence | |
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| Regional Subsidence | |
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| Karst-Related Subsidence | |
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| Mining-Related Subsidence | |
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| Causes of Land Failure | |
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| Weather | |
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| Hurricanes | |
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| El Niuo | |
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| In the News: Landslide Weather | |
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| You Make the Call: What Would You Do with La Conchita? | |
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| Earthquakes | |
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| Wildfires | |
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| Slope Steepening | |
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| People and Slope Failure | |
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| People and Subsidence | |
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| Subsidence in California's San Joaquin Valley | |
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| Regional Subsidence and Cities | |
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| Groundwater Pumping and Sinkholes | |
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| Urbanization and Sinkholes | |
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| Living with Unstable Land | |
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| Living with Unstable Slopes | |
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| Assessing Slope Hazards | |
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| Acting on Hazard Information | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Unstable Slopes in Your Community | |
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| Engineering Stronger Slopes | |
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| What You Can Do: Monitor the U.S. Highway 50 Landslide | |
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| Living with Subsidence | |
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| Regional Subsidence | |
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| Karst-Related Subsidence | |
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| Mine-Related Subsidence | |
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| Changing Coasts | |
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| Coastal Basics | |
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| Waves | |
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| Measuring Waves | |
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| Waves in Deep Water | |
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| Waves in Shallow Water | |
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| Wave Refraction | |
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| Nearshore Currents | |
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| Longshore Drift | |
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| Rip Currents | |
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| Tides | |
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| What You Can Do: Keep Track of Tides | |
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| Sea Level Change | |
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| Global Sea Level Change | |
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| Local Sea Level Changes | |
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| Coastal Features | |
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| The Atlantic Coast | |
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| Florida's Living Coast | |
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| The Gulf of Mexico Coast | |
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| The Pacific Coast | |
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| The Alaska Coast | |
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| A Closer Look at Beaches | |
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| Beach Anatomy | |
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| Beach Materials | |
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| Sediment Supply | |
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| The Beach in Action | |
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| Coastal Erosion and Sedimentation | |
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| Coastal Erosion | |
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| Beach Erosion | |
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| Sea Cliff Erosion | |
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| Coastal Sedimentation | |
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| Where Sediment Is Deposited | |
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| The Mississippi River Delta | |
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| In the News: Sustaining the Mississippi Delta | |
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| Coasts and Storms | |
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| Hurricanes | |
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| Winter Storms | |
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| Coastal Storm Hazards | |
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| Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans | |
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| You Make the Call: What Do We Do with New Orleans?9.5 Living with Changing Coasts | |
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| Hard Stabilization | |
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| Seawalls, Bulkheads, and Revetments | |
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| Breakwaters | |
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| Groins and Jetties | |
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| Soft Stabilization | |
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| Beach Nourishment | |
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| Saving Miami Beach | |
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| Dune Restoration | |
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| Managing Sediments | |
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| Dredging | |
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| Sediment Contamination | |
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| Mitigating Coastal Storm Hazards | |
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| Coastal Zone Management | |
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| You Make the Call: Dealing with Falmouth's Changing Coast | |
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| Water Resources | |
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| Water Resources | |
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| Surface-Water Resources | |
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| The Colorado River | |
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| In the News: Great Lakes Water Wars | |
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| Groundwater Resources | |
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| The High Plains Aquifer | |
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| You Make the Call: Who Wins in Las Vegas? | |
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| Surface and Groundwater Connections | |
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| Making Fresh Water Desalination | |
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| How People Use Water | |
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| Water Use in the United States | |
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| Freshwater Use | |
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| Public Water Supplies | |
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| Irrigation | |
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| Electric Power Generation | |
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| Other Water Uses | |
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| Water Withdrawal and the Environment | |
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| Dams | |
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| Groundwater Mining | |
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| Land Subsidence | |
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| Groundwater Pumping and Surface Water | |
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| Saltwater Intrusion | |
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| Water Quality and Pollution | |
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| Dr. John Snow and Water-Borne Disease | |
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| Natural Water Quality | |
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| Pure Rainwater? | |
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| Arsenic in Natural Water | |
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| Parasites in Natural Water | |
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| Pollution and Water Quality | |
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| Microbes | |
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| Inorganic Contaminants | |
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| Human-Made Chemicals | |
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| Sediment | |
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| Sources of Pollutants | |
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| Point Sources | |
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| Nonpoint Sources | |
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| Groundwater Pollution A Special Problem | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Your Water Quality | |
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| Sustaining Water Resources | |
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| Water Treatment | |
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| Recycling Wastewater | |
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| Conservation Using Less Water | |
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| Household Water Conservation | |
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| Community Water Conservation | |
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| Water-Saving Agriculture | |
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| Results of Water Conservation | |
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| Resource Management Making Better Use of Water Resources | |
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| Groundwater Management | |
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| Comprehensive Water Management | |
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| Soil Resources | |
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| What Soil Resources Are | |
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| Soil Definitions | |
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| Soil Functions | |
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| Food and Fiber | |
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| Water Storage and Cleaning | |
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| Waste Recycling | |
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| Soil as Habitat | |
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| Earth Systems Interactions | |
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| How Soils Form | |
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| Soil-Forming Processes | |
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| The Soil Profile | |
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| Soil Variations | |
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| Soil Properties | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Compositional Properties | |
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| Biological Properties | |
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| Soil Quality | |
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| Soil Degradation and Loss | |
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| Erosion | |
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| Soil Contamination | |
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| Salination | |
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| Fertilizers | |
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| In the News: Pathogens in Your Produce | |
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| Pesticides | |
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| Biodiversity Depletion | |
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| Nutrient Depletion | |
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| You Make the Call: Is Ethanol a Sustainable Energy Resource? | |
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| Urbanization and Soil | |
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| Sustaining Soil Resources | |
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| Soil Conservation | |
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| What You Can Do: Use Your Local Soil Conservation District | |
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| Soil Remediation | |
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| Bioremediation | |
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| Phytoremediation | |
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| Desalination of Soil | |
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| Soil Protection | |
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| Mineral Resources | |
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| What Mineral Resources Are | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Mineral Resource Economics | |
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| Making Mineral Deposits | |
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| The Shapes of Mineral Deposits | |
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| Finding, Mining, and Processing Mineral Resources | |
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| Finding Mineral Resources | |
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| Trenching | |
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| Drilling | |
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| Infrastructure | |
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| In the News: Donlin Creek Gold Deposit | |
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| Mining Mineral Resources | |
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| Open-Pit mining | |
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| Underground Mining | |
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| The West's Legacy Abandoned Mine Lands | |
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| Processing Mineral Resources | |
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| Milling | |
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| Flotation | |
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| Tailings | |
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| Leaching | |
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| Recovering Metals from Ore Concentrate | |
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| Environmental Concerns | |
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| Physical Disturbances | |
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| Surface Water Quality | |
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| Spills | |
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| Erosion | |
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| Discharge of Acid Rock Drainage | |
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| Groundwater Quality | |
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| Soil Quality | |
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| Air Quality | |
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| Dust | |
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| Smelter Emissions | |
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| Mineral Resources in the Future | |
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| Future Mineral Resource Needs | |
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| Recycling | |
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| Sustainability and Mineral Resource Use | |
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| You Make the Call: Where Should Mining Occur? | |
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| Energy Resources | |
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| Energy Basics | |
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| Oil, Natural Gas, and the Environment | |
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| Oil and Natural Gas Exploration | |
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| Seismic Surveys | |
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| Drilling | |
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| Oil and Natural Gas Production | |
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| Physical Disturbances | |
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| Produced Water | |
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| Oil and Natural Gas Transportation | |
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| Marine Tanker Transport | |
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| Oil in the Sea and You | |
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| What You Can Do: Recycle Used Motor Oil | |
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| Oil Refining | |
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| Refining Safety | |
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| Refinery Disturbances | |
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| Refinery Wastes | |
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| Oil and Natural Gas Consumption | |
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| In the News: It Wasn't Just Dust from China | |
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| Transportation fuels | |
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| Coal combustion | |
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| Greenhouse gases | |
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| Coal and the Environment | |
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| Coal Production | |
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| Coal Processing | |
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| Coal Combustion | |
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| Pollutant Emissions | |
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| Greenhouse Gas Emissions | |
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| Coal's Future | |
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| Nuclear Energy and the Environment | |
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| Nuclear Energy | |
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| Nuclear Reactor Safety | |
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| Radioactive Waste Disposal | |
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| You Make the Call: Where Do We Put Nuclear Waste?13.5 Renewable Energy and the Environment | |
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| Biomass | |
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| Geothermal Energy | |
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| What You Can Do: Use a Geothermal Heat Pump | |
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| Hydropower | |
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| Wind Power | |
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| Solar Power | |
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| The Energy Challenges Ahead | |
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| The Cost of Oil | |
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| Energy Transitions | |
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| Oil Sands and Oil Shales | |
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| In the News: Mining Oil | |
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| A Natural Gas Age? | |
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| A Hydrogen Age? | |
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| An Energy Wild Card? | |
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| The Significance of Emissions | |
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| Sustainability | |
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| What You Can Do: Save Energy | |
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| Atmosphere Resources and Climate Change | |
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| What Atmosphere Resources Are | |
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| Compositional Characteristics | |
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| Physical Characteristics | |
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| What You Can Do: Monitor the Weather | |
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| Air Pollution | |
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| Pollutants | |
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| Volatile Organic Compounds | |
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| In the News: Why Do We Like "New Car Smell"? | |
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| Nitrogen Oxides | |
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| Sulfur Dioxide | |
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| Carbon Monoxide | |
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| Carbon Dioxide | |
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| Smog | |
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| Acid Rain | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Acid Rain Damage in Washington, DC | |
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| Air Pollution and the Ozone Layer | |
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| The Atmosphere and Climate Change | |
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| Atmosphere Composition and Climate; Greenhouse Gases | |
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| Solar Radiation and Climate | |
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| Brightness | |
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| Axis Tilt | |
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| Orbital Eccentricity | |
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| Earth's Precession | |
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| Milankovitch Cycles | |
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| Tectonic Processes and Climate | |
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| Continent Size and Distribution | |
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| Mountain Ranges | |
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| Volcanoes | |
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| History of Climate Change | |
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| Paleoclimatology Studying Past Climates | |
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| Sedimentary Records | |
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| Fossils | |
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| Oxygen Isotopes | |
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| Atmosphere Samples in Ice Cores | |
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| Sea Level History | |
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| Precambrian Atmosphere Composition and Climate | |
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| Phanerozoic Atmosphere and Climates | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Plate Tectonics and Climate Change | |
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| The Last Few Million Years | |
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| People and Climate Change | |
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| People and Greenhouse Gases | |
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| Assessing Climate Change | |
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| The IPCC | |
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| Climate Models | |
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| The IPCC 2007 Assessment | |
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| A Closer Look Climate Change and Sea Level | |
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| IPCC Story Lines and Scenarios | |
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| Popular Portrayals of Sea Level Rise Due to Global Warming | |
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| The IPCC Projections | |
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| Sea Level Change after 2100 | |
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| Rapid Climate Change Another Wild Card | |
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| Dealing with Climate Change | |
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| The Kyoto Protocol | |
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| Carbon Sequestration: A Key Technology | |
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| What You Can Do: Calculate Your Contribution to Greenhouse Gases | |
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| Controlling Climate | |
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| You Make the Call: What's the Optimum Global Climate for Earth? | |
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| Managing People's Environmental Impact | |
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| Environmental Policy | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Corporate Environmental Policy | |
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| National Environmental Policy | |
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| National Environmental Policy Act | |
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| In the News: the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline | |
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| Clean Water Act | |
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| Clean Air Act | |
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| Resource Conservation and Recovery Act | |
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| Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act | |
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| What You Can Do: Investigate Superfund Sites Near You | |
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| Land-Use Designations | |
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| State Environmental Policies | |
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| Special Interest Group Policies | |
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| Public Awareness and Environmental Policy | |
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| Environmental Regulation | |
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| Environmental Standards | |
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| Air Quality Standards | |
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| Water Quality Standards | |
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| Soil Quality Standards | |
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| Permitting | |
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| Enforcement | |
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| Third-Party Litigation | |
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| In the News: Protecting the Spotted Owl | |
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| Economics and Environmental Management | |
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| Business Opportunities | |
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| In Situ Uranium Leaching | |
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| Recycling Consumer Electronics | |
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| Landfill Energy | |
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| Ecotourism | |
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| Economic Influences on People's Choices | |
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| You Make the Call: Raise Gasoline Prices? | |
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| Using Markets to Achieve Environmental Objectives | |
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| Funding Incentives | |
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| Decision Making | |
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| The Stillwater Mine Example | |
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| Our System's Strengths | |