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| (Note: Each chapter begins with an Introduction and concludes with a Summary and Discussion Questions and Case Studies section.) | |
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| An Emergence | |
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| The Police and the Minority Community | |
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| Police Abuse and the Minority Community | |
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| The Influence of Race in Police Decision Making | |
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| Differential Community Support for the Police | |
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| The Promise and Peril of Community Policing | |
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| Profiling as an Enforcement Tool | |
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| Profiling Defined | |
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| Hijacker Profiling | |
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| Criminal Profiling | |
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| Drug Courier Profiling | |
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| How Race Became a Part of the Profile | |
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| The Dynamics of the Traffic Stop | |
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| The Stories and Media Attention | |
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| Whren v. United States | |
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| New Jersey: Racial Profilingrsquo;s Ground Zero | |
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| What We Know and Donrsquo;t Know | |
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| Definitions and Measures | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Measures | |
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| The Structure of Racial Profiling Inquiry | |
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| Salient Research Questions | |
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| Are Minorities Stopped More Frequently? | |
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| Are There Differences in the Reasons for the Stops? | |
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| Are Minorities Searched More Frequently? | |
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| Are Stops Involving Minorities More Punitive? | |
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| Are Minorities Detained Longer During Stops? | |
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| Are Incidents of Physical Resistance/Confrontation More Frequent? | |
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| Do the Officersrsquo; Characteristics Matter? | |
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| Overall Limitations of the Research | |
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| Critical Methodological Issues | |
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| Defining Racial Profiling | |
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| Conceptual and Operational Definitions | |
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| Validity | |
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| The Denominator Problem | |
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| Types of Benchmarks | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Benchmarks | |
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| Does It Really Make a Difference? | |
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| Measuring Who Gets Stopped | |
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| Accuracy | |
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| Completeness | |
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| Reactivity | |
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| Causality: Correlation Is Not Cause | |
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| Explaining the Disparity | |
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| Explanatory Continuums | |
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| Do Differential Offending Rates Explain the Disparity? | |
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| Potential Theoretical Explanations | |
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| The Behavior of Individual Criminal Justice Actors | |
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| The Behavior of Criminal Justice Agencies | |
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| The Behavior of the Entire Criminal Justice System and Its Component Parts | |
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| Conflict Theory | |
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| The Theory of Differential Attentiveness | |
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| The Political and Legal Response | |
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| The Political Response | |
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| The Legal Response | |
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| The Fourth Amendment - Unreasonable Search and Seizure | |
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| The Fourteenth Amendment - Equal Protection | |
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| Title 42, U.S.C., Section 14141 - Pattern and Practice | |
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| Stop and Frisk - The Terry Rule | |
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| Pretextual Stops | |
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| Title 42, U.S.C., Section 1983 | |
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| Other Key Legal Rulings | |
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| Conducting Racial Profiling Studies (Best Practices) | |
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| Precipitating Events | |
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| Common Obstacles | |
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| Critical Steps | |
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| Enlisting the Help of Others | |
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| Developing Salient Research Questions | |
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| Data Collection Strategies | |
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| Data Analysis | |
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| Reporting the Results | |
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| Solutions | |
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| Control Police Discretion | |
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| Control Consent Searches | |
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| Pay Attention to Deployment | |
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| Manage the Leaderrsquo;s Influence | |
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| Provide Proactive Training and Education | |
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| Recruit a Reflective Workforce | |
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| Use Technology | |
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| Change the Law | |
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| Make New Law | |
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| Make the Police More Accountable | |
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| Can We Really Make a Difference? | |
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| Whatrsquo;s Next? | |