| |
| |
| |
| Background and Basics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Soil and Rock of Planet Earth: Geologic Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rock: The Source of Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Categories: Transported, Residual | |
| |
| |
| Transported Soils | |
| |
| |
| Residual Soils | |
| |
| |
| Soil Gases and Liquids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plate Tectonics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect on Design and Construction | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Types and Soil Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Major Soil Types | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particle Shapes and Sizes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clay and Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Special Soil Categories | |
| |
| |
| Collapsible Soils | |
| |
| |
| Liquefaction | |
| |
| |
| Expansive Clays | |
| |
| |
| Dispersive Clays | |
| |
| |
| Laterites | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Composition: Terminology and Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Composition: Analytical Representation | |
| |
| |
| Weight-Volume, Mass-Volume Relationship | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Terms Relating to Soil Composition and Condition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Submerged Soil | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Index Properties and Classification Tests, and Soil Classification Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Index Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification Tests | |
| |
| |
| Particle Size Distribution (Mechanical Analysis) | |
| |
| |
| In-Place Density, In-Place Unit Weight | |
| |
| |
| Relative Density | |
| |
| |
| Water Content | |
| |
| |
| Consistency of Clays | |
| |
| |
| Consistency in the Remolded State and Plasticity | |
| |
| |
| Presence of Clay Minerals | |
| |
| |
| Testing for Dispersive Clays | |
| |
| |
| Other Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| ASTM and AASHTO Test Procedure Designations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application to Transported Soil Deposits and Residual Soil Formations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Taxonomy-Global Soil Orders | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Site Investigations: Purpose and Methods, Information and Procedures Available | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maps and Aerial Photographs as Sources of Information | |
| |
| |
| |
| Borings and Test Pits | |
| |
| |
| Borings Methods | |
| |
| |
| Soil Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Sample Spacing in Soil Borings | |
| |
| |
| Borings Spacing and Depth | |
| |
| |
| Rock Core Drilling | |
| |
| |
| Test Pits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Resistance Testing in Boreholes | |
| |
| |
| Penetration Resistance and the Standard Penetration Test | |
| |
| |
| SPT Modifications | |
| |
| |
| Penetration Resistance and Cone Penetrometers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Presentation of Borings Information | |
| |
| |
| Borings Logs, CPT Sounding Logs/Profiles | |
| |
| |
| Recognizing Limitations of Borings and Penetrometer Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| In-Place Testing | |
| |
| |
| In-Place Shear Tests-Vane Shear | |
| |
| |
| Slope Inclination Indicator | |
| |
| |
| Pore Pressure and Piezometers | |
| |
| |
| Dilatometer and Pressuremeter Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Groundwater, Soil Water, and Soil Gas Sampling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geophysical Methods | |
| |
| |
| Seismic Refraction | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| |
| |
| Correlation between Resistivity and Earth Materials | |
| |
| |
| Thickness of Layers | |
| |
| |
| Ground-Penetrating Radar | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engineering Properties and Behavior of Soil Deposits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Movement of Water through Soil: Basic Hydrogeology, Subsurface Flow, Permeability, Capillarity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Hydrogeology | |
| |
| |
| Subsurface Flow, Basic Facts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Permeability (Hydraulic Conductivity) | |
| |
| |
| Factors Affecting Flow | |
| |
| |
| Darcy's Law for Flow | |
| |
| |
| Laminar and Turbulent Flow | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Soil Type | |
| |
| |
| Kozeny-Carman Equation for Permeability | |
| |
| |
| Empirical Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Permeability Tests | |
| |
| |
| Laboratory Permeability Tests | |
| |
| |
| Field Permeability Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Capillarity | |
| |
| |
| Water in Capillary Tubes | |
| |
| |
| Capillary Rise in Soil | |
| |
| |
| Time Rate of Capillary Rise | |
| |
| |
| Suspended Capillaries | |
| |
| |
| Elimination of Capillary Water in Soil | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Surface Tension | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Movement of Water through Soil: Practical Effects: Seepage, Drainage, Frost Heave, Contamination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow Nets and Seepage | |
| |
| |
| Flow of Subsurface Water | |
| |
| |
| The Need for Flow Nets and Flow Net Theory | |
| |
| |
| Boundaries for the Flow Net | |
| |
| |
| Flow Nets for Nonisotropic Soils | |
| |
| |
| Uplift Forces | |
| |
| |
| Other Seepage Forces | |
| |
| |
| Practical Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Quicksand | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drainage | |
| |
| |
| Conditions Requiring Drainage | |
| |
| |
| Dewatering Shallow Excavations | |
| |
| |
| Dewatering Intermediate Depths | |
| |
| |
| Deep Drainage | |
| |
| |
| Consolidation Drainage | |
| |
| |
| Summary: Techniques for Subsurface Drainage | |
| |
| |
| Drainage after Construction | |
| |
| |
| Foundation Drains | |
| |
| |
| Blanket Drains | |
| |
| |
| Interceptor Drains | |
| |
| |
| Flow Through a Structure | |
| |
| |
| Filter Design (Aggregate Filters) | |
| |
| |
| Drainage, Filtration, Separation, and Protection with Geosynthetics (Synthetic Fabrics) | |
| |
| |
| Land Drainage | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Drainage | |
| |
| |
| Soil Percolation Rate | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frost Heave in Soils | |
| |
| |
| Permafrost | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil and Groundwater Contamination | |
| |
| |
| Soil Gas | |
| |
| |
| Use of Geosynthetics to Prevent Ground Contamination | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combined Stresses in Soil Masses: Stress at a Point and Mohr's Circle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress at a Point: Analytical Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mohr's Circle | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subsurface Stresses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stresses Caused by the Soil Mass | |
| |
| |
| Vertical Stresses | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Groundwater Table | |
| |
| |
| Horizontal (Lateral) Stresses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress within the Soil Mass Resulting from Vertical Surface Loading | |
| |
| |
| Uniform Homogeneous Soils | |
| |
| |
| Boussinesq Stress Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Westergaard Stress Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Computational Aids | |
| |
| |
| Application for Foundation Loading | |
| |
| |
| Sixty-Degree Approximation | |
| |
| |
| Layered Soils Having Different Properties | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Foundation Installation Below Finished Grade | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Changing the Surface Grade | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Settlement: Soil Compression, Volume Distortion, Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Settlement of Foundations on Sand | |
| |
| |
| Schmertmann Method | |
| |
| |
| Dilatometer Method | |
| |
| |
| Approximations for Estimating Settlement of Foundations on Sand | |
| |
| |
| |
| Settlement of Foundations on Clay Soils | |
| |
| |
| Volume Distortion Settlement for Clays | |
| |
| |
| Primary Compression Settlement for Clays | |
| |
| |
| Secondary Compression of Clay Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Settlement Resulting from Earth Fill | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surcharging | |
| |
| |
| Acceleration of the Soil Improvement Process | |
| |
| |
| Horizontal Drainage | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shear Strength Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laboratory Tests | |
| |
| |
| Direct Shear Test | |
| |
| |
| Triaxial Compression Test | |
| |
| |
| Plane Strain and Axisymmetrical Strain | |
| |
| |
| Unconfined Compression Test | |
| |
| |
| Vane-Shear Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shear Test Results Plotted on Mohr's Circle Coordinates | |
| |
| |
| Strength or Failure Envelope | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shearing Strength | |
| |
| |
| Shearing Strength of Cohesionless Soil | |
| |
| |
| Approximating Values of [phi] from Site Investigation Data (SPT, CPT DMT) | |
| |
| |
| Shearing Strength of Clay Soils | |
| |
| |
| Shear Strength of Clay Related to Triaxial Testing | |
| |
| |
| Approximating Shear Strength of Cohesive Soil from Site Investigation Data (SPT, CPT, DMT, VST) | |
| |
| |
| Shear Strength of Mixed Soils | |
| |
| |
| Position of Failure Plane Related to Angle [phi] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress Paths | |
| |
| |
| Stress Path for Tests in Consolidated-Drained Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Stress Path for Tests in Consolidated-Undrained Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Earthquakes and the Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Causes and Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications to Design | |
| |
| |
| NEHRP Provisions (USA) | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application of Soil Mechanics Theories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foundations: Introductory Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Types of Foundations-Foundation Categories | |
| |
| |
| Spread Footings | |
| |
| |
| Mat (or Raft) Foundations | |
| |
| |
| Pile and Pier Foundations | |
| |
| |
| Caissons | |
| |
| |
| Floating Foundations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pile Foundation Types and Installation Procedures | |
| |
| |
| Pile Drivers for Driven Piles | |
| |
| |
| Pile Types and Materials | |
| |
| |
| Representative Pile Load Capacities and Available Lengths | |
| |
| |
| Methods to Aid Pile Installation | |
| |
| |
| Other Installation Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relating Soil Conditions and Foundation Types | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foundations: Design Considerations and Methods | |
| |
| |
| Shallow Foundations-Design and Installation Criteria | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Concepts-Long (Strip) Footings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bearing Capacity Equations | |
| |
| |
| Additional Considerations, Bearing Capacity Equation | |
| |
| |
| Application for Design-The Extended Bearing Capacity Equation | |
| |
| |
| Footings on Slopes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Footing Design Data from Penetration Resistance in Boreholes | |
| |
| |
| Standard Penetration Test and Sand | |
| |
| |
| Standard Penetration Test and Cohesive Soil | |
| |
| |
| Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) and Sand | |
| |
| |
| Static Cone Penetrometer and Cohesive Soil | |
| |
| |
| The Pressuremeter and Foundation Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effects of Seismic Events | |
| |
| |
| Seismic Bearing Capacity of Spread Footing Foundations | |
| |
| |
| Seismic-Induced Liquefaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Presumptive Bearing Pressures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foundation Walls | |
| |
| |
| Deep Foundations-Capacity and Installation Criteria | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pile and Pier Foundations | |
| |
| |
| Statical Analysis (Single Pile Capacity) | |
| |
| |
| Effective Stress Method | |
| |
| |
| Total Stress Method | |
| |
| |
| Factor of Safety | |
| |
| |
| Negative Shaft Capacity | |
| |
| |
| Other Design Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Uplift Capacity (Single Pile) | |
| |
| |
| Statical Method-Bored Piers and Piles (Drilled Shaft Foundations) | |
| |
| |
| Arrangement for Piles in a Group | |
| |
| |
| Group Capacity | |
| |
| |
| Pile Group Settlement | |
| |
| |
| Pile Load Tests | |
| |
| |
| Pile-Driving Formulas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Supervision of Foundation Construction | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Site Improvement: Earth Moving, Compaction, and Stabilization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Field Procedures-General Considerations, Methods, and Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Alternative Methods of Transporting Earth Fill | |
| |
| |
| |
| Field Equipment-Surface Zone Compaction | |
| |
| |
| Surface Compaction Equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deep-Ground Improvement Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Vibrocompaction | |
| |
| |
| Stone Columns: Vibroreplacement, Vibrodisplacement Processes | |
| |
| |
| Controlled Modulus Columns (CMC) | |
| |
| |
| Deep Soil Mixing | |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Deep Compaction/Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Replacement | |
| |
| |
| Compacting by Explosives | |
| |
| |
| Vacuum Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Stabilization | |
| |
| |
| Use of Natural and Chemical Additives | |
| |
| |
| Use of Geosynthetics for Stabilization and Reinforcement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods for Establishing Required Soil Density | |
| |
| |
| |
| Field Control and Field Density Tests | |
| |
| |
| Sand-Cone Method | |
| |
| |
| Balloon Method | |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Moisture-Density Method | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability of Unsupported Slopes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Slope Movements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Isotropic Soils and Uniform Slopes of Infinite Extent | |
| |
| |
| Cohesionless Soil | |
| |
| |
| Soils Possessing Cohesion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slopes of Finite Extent-Soils Possessing Cohesion | |
| |
| |
| Types of Rotational Slides in Isotropic Soils | |
| |
| |
| Stability Analysis-General Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Strength Properties for Analysis-Clay and Mixed Soils | |
| |
| |
| Basic Methods for Stability Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Methods of Slices | |
| |
| |
| Noncircular Slip Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Tension Cracks | |
| |
| |
| Sliding Block Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computational Aids-Slope Stability Charts | |
| |
| |
| Taylor Charts | |
| |
| |
| Bishop-Morganstern, Barnes Charts | |
| |
| |
| Barnes Charts/Tables for Excavated Slopes | |
| |
| |
| Spencer Charts | |
| |
| |
| Morganstern Charts for Rapid Drawdown | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variation in Shear Stress and Factor of Safety | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improving Stability of Slopes | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lateral Pressures and Retaining Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lateral Earth Pressure and Retaining Walls | |
| |
| |
| At-Rest Pressure | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Submergence | |
| |
| |
| Active and Passive Lateral Pressures-Basic Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Earth Pressures against Retaining Walls | |
| |
| |
| Classical Theories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lateral Pressures Related to Wall Movement | |
| |
| |
| Practical Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Cohesionless Soil Backfill | |
| |
| |
| Goh Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Cohesive Soil Backfill | |
| |
| |
| Recommended Design Criteria for Gravity Walls | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Groundwater and Freezing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Retaining Wall Design Requirements | |
| |
| |
| Common Types of Walls, Construction Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Basic Design Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Surface Loads near Wall | |
| |
| |
| Terzaghi-Peck Charts for Backfill Pressures | |
| |
| |
| Earthquake Forces and Gravity Retaining Walls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alternate Types of Retaining Structures | |
| |
| |
| Gabion Retaining Walls | |
| |
| |
| Reinforced Earth | |
| |
| |
| Soil Nail Wall and Ground Anchor Wall Systems | |
| |
| |
| Launched Soil Nails | |
| |
| |
| |
| Excavation Bracing | |
| |
| |
| Types and Installation of Excavation Bracing | |
| |
| |
| Lateral Pressures for Designing Bracing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anchored Bulkheads | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water-Retaining Structures: Dams | |
| |
| |
| Earth Fill Dams | |
| |
| |
| Rockfill Dams | |
| |
| |
| Concrete and Masonry Dams | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application of LaPlace Equation to Flow Nets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laboratory Procedure to Determine Coefficient of Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Development of the Bishop Equation for Slope Stability | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Selected Problems | |
| |
| |
| Index | |