| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to the Discipline of Philosophy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Philosophy Is Nothing New | |
| |
| |
| |
| Are You Dreaming? | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is Philosophy? | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Does Philosophy Accomplish? | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Handbook of Style for Philosophy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing as Communication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing to Learn | |
| |
| |
| |
| Challenge Yourself | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nature of the Writing Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintaining Self-Confidence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizing Your Writing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nature of the Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selecting a Topic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Narrowing Your Topic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining a Purpose | |
| |
| |
| |
| Finding a Thesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Thesis Sentence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining Your Audience | |
| |
| |
| |
| Invention Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Free Writing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brainstorming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asking Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Outlining | |
| |
| |
| |
| Outlining for Yourself | |
| |
| |
| |
| Outlining for Your Reader | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formal Outline Papers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizing Your Thoughts | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Rough Draft | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language Choices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Level of Formality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Revising Your Writing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Editing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Catching Mistakes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Miscues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Proofreading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing Competently | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Rules of Grammar and Style | |
| |
| |
| |
| Competent Writing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consider Your Audience | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aim for Consistency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Have Confidence in What You Know | |
| |
| |
| |
| Eliminate Chronic Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sentence Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fused Sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sentence Fragments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dangling Modifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parallelism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pronoun Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Its Versus It's | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vague Pronoun References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pronoun Agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shift in Person | |
| |
| |
| |
| Punctuation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Apostrophes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Capitalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| When to Capitalize | |
| |
| |
| |
| When Not to Capitalize | |
| |
| |
| |
| Colons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commas | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Comma Splice | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commas in a Compound Sentence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commas in a Series | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commas with Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quotation Marks | |
| |
| |
| |
| When to Use Quotation Marks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quotation Marks in Relation to Other Punctuation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Semicolons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spelling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commonly Confused Words | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commonly Misspelled Words | |
| |
| |
| |
| Technical and Ordinary Usage of Philosophical Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conducting Research in Philosophy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organizing the Research Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gaining Control of the Research Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effective Research Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ethical Use of Source Material | |
| |
| |
| |
| Information in Your Library and Similar Places | |
| |
| |
| |
| Information Resources in Your College Library | |
| |
| |
| |
| Directories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dictionaries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Periodicals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Periodical Indexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Research Institutes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Philosophy and Cyberspace | |
| |
| |
| |
| Narrow Sources of Information | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Sources of Information | |
| |
| |
| |
| Four Major Directories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Encyclopedias | |
| |
| |
| |
| Directories of Texts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advice on How to Write a Philosophy Paper | |
| |
| |
| |
| Internet Resources for Writing Well | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advice for Distance Learners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formats for Philosophy Papers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Getting Started | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Page Format | |
| |
| |
| |
| Title Page | |
| |
| |
| |
| Abstract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Table of Contents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lists of Tables and Figures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Text | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter Headings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Illustrations and Figures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reference Page | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appendixes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Citing Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preliminary Decisions | |
| |
| |
| |
| What to Document | |
| |
| |
| |
| Which Citation System to Use | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Consistency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using the Style Manual | |
| |
| |
| |
| Documentary-Note System: Numbered References | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Format Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numbering System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Placement of Superscript Numerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiple Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Models for Documentary Notes and Bibliographical Citations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Differences Between Endnotes and Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Books | |
| |
| |
| |
| Periodicals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Public Documents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electronic Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interviews | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unpublished Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subsequent or Shortened References in Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| How to Think and Write Like a Philosopher | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles of Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Throws of Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Definition of an Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Two Basic Types of Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| Validity and Soundness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deductive Validity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nondeductive Validity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cogency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Patterns of Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Valid Forms of Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tautologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modus Ponens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hypothetical Syllogisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modus Tollens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dilemmas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indirect Proof or Reductio ad Absurdum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contradictions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analogies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Induction by Elimination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Induction by Enumeration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inference to the Best Explanation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Hypothetical-Deductive Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Map of How to Arrange a Philosophy Paper | |
| |
| |
| |
| Avoiding Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formal Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Denying the Antecedent | |
| |
| |
| |
| Affirming the Consequent | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Exclusive Fallacy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Informal Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Susceptibility to Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Invalid Appeal to Authority | |
| |
| |
| |
| Straw Person | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inconsistency | |
| |
| |
| |
| False Dilemma | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex Question | |
| |
| |
| |
| Begging the Question | |
| |
| |
| |
| Suppressed Evidence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lack of Proportion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to Unknowlable Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ad Hominem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Guilt by Association | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two Wrongs Make a Right | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equivocation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to Ignorance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Division | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hasty Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Questionable Cause | |
| |
| |
| |
| Questionable Analogy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to Pity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to the Stick | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to Loyalty | |
| |
| |
| |
| Provincialism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Popularity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Double Standard | |
| |
| |
| |
| Invincible Ignorance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identifying Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculating Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emotive Language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing Sound Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is a Position Paper? | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Steps to Writing a Position Paper | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selecting a Topic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conducting Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selecting a Position | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining Premises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constructing an Outline | |
| |
| |
| |
| Checking for Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing the Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| Testing the Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| Revising the Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Format of a Position Paper | |
| |
| |
| |
| History of Philosophy Papers | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Very Short History of the Great Philosophers | |
| |
| |
| |
| How to Write a History of Philosophy Paper | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hints on Writing History of Philosophy Papers | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Contents of a History of Philosophy Paper | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing Applied Ethics Papers | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is Ethics? | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Distinction Between Fact and Value | |
| |
| |
| |
| Approaches to Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consequentialism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deontology: Kant | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Ethical Theories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Perennial Issues for Political Ethics: Justice and Rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applying Ethical Theories and Political Philosophy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Professional Codes of Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analyzing a Professional Code of Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing a Personal Ethics Statement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of Famous Statements of Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kindergarten Wisdom | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ten Commandments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Man is Born in Tao | |
| |
| |
| |
| Declaration of Independence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Humanist Manifesto II | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thus Spoke Zarathustra | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Unabomber Manifesto | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing Your Own Personal Code of Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Situation 1 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Situation 2 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Situation 3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Situation 4 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Contents of a Personal Ethics Statement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two Sample Student Ethics Statements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jeremy Scott's Essay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chris Allen's Essay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing a Critique of a Brief Ethics Statement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Target Statement Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Target Statement Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Definition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Criteria Definition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Verify Identification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Error Identification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sample Student Papers | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Paper from Personal Values: The Matrix | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Paper from Biomedical Ethics: Stem Cell Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Group Paper from Moral Issues in Parenting: Should We Be Raising Altruists? | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Index | |