| |
| |
| |
| The Diagnostic Process | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Just-in-Time Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| Think of a Funnel | |
| |
| |
| Finding the Root Cause | |
| |
| |
| The Eight-Step Diagnostic Procedure | |
| |
| |
| Troubleshooting Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| Diagnostic Charts | |
| |
| |
| Typical Noncomputer Problems | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diagnostic Trouble Code Retrieval | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Computer Precautions | |
| |
| |
| How Diagnostic Trouble Codes Are Set | |
| |
| |
| Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
| Pending and Mature Codes | |
| |
| |
| Methods for Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
| Flash Code Retrieval on OBD I General Motors Vehicles | |
| |
| |
| Scan Tool DTC Retrieval on General Motors OBD I Vehicles | |
| |
| |
| Retrieving Ford Diagnostic Codes | |
| |
| |
| Flash Code Retrieval on DaimlerChrysler Vehicles | |
| |
| |
| Scan Tool DTC Retrieval on DaimlerChrysler Vehicles | |
| |
| |
| Honda Problem Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Retrieving Honda Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
| Clearing Honda DTCs | |
| |
| |
| Toyota Problem Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Toyota OBD I Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
| Clearing Toyota DTCs | |
| |
| |
| Retrieving OBD II Codes-16 Pin | |
| |
| |
| DTC Numbering Explanation | |
| |
| |
| OBD II Active Tests | |
| |
| |
| Types of DTCs | |
| |
| |
| Retrieving OBD II DTCs | |
| |
| |
| Generic OBD II Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
| Clearing OBD II DTCs | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Technical Service Bulletins and Scan Tool Data | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Technical Service Bulletins | |
| |
| |
| Vehicle Identification | |
| |
| |
| Vehicle Safety Certification Label | |
| |
| |
| VECI Label | |
| |
| |
| Calibration Codes | |
| |
| |
| Casting Numbers | |
| |
| |
| Service Information | |
| |
| |
| Types of Technical Service Bulletins | |
| |
| |
| Scan Tool Testing | |
| |
| |
| Scan Data Retrieval Procedure | |
| |
| |
| Injector Pulse Width Problem Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Oxygen Sensor Activity | |
| |
| |
| The Need for Fuel Trim | |
| |
| |
| Short-Term Fuel Trim | |
| |
| |
| Long-Term Fuel Trim | |
| |
| |
| Using Fuel Trim as a Diagnostic Aid | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Trim Cells | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Trim Cell Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Trim Monitor | |
| |
| |
| Generic and OEM Data | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| OBD II | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Onboard Diagnostics Generation-II (OBD II) Systems | |
| |
| |
| Diagnostic Executive and Task Manager | |
| |
| |
| Monitors | |
| |
| |
| Diagnostic Trouble Code Priority | |
| |
| |
| OBD II Monitor Information Summary | |
| |
| |
| Enabling Criteria | |
| |
| |
| Monitor Running Conditions | |
| |
| |
| OBD II Drive Cycle | |
| |
| |
| OBD II DTC Numbering Designation | |
| |
| |
| Freeze Frame and Failure Records | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Trim and Misfire Codes | |
| |
| |
| Generic OBD II | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing Problems Using Mode Six | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Meters and Scopes | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Test Lights | |
| |
| |
| Self-Powered Test Lights | |
| |
| |
| Led Test Light | |
| |
| |
| Logic Probe | |
| |
| |
| Digital Multimeters | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Amperes | |
| |
| |
| AC/DC Clamp-On Digital Multimeter | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Voltage | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Resistance | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Unit Prefixes | |
| |
| |
| How to Read Digital Meters | |
| |
| |
| RMS Versus Average | |
| |
| |
| Resolution, Digits, and Counts | |
| |
| |
| Accuracy | |
| |
| |
| Analog Versus Digital Storage Oscilloscope | |
| |
| |
| Oscilloscope Display Grid | |
| |
| |
| Setting the Time Base | |
| |
| |
| Setting the Volts per Division | |
| |
| |
| DC Coupling | |
| |
| |
| AC Coupling | |
| |
| |
| Pulse Trains | |
| |
| |
| Triggering | |
| |
| |
| Using Scope Leads | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Battery Voltage with a Scope | |
| |
| |
| Scope Probe Attenuation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advanced Starting and Charging Systems Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Purpose and Function of a Battery | |
| |
| |
| Battery Ratings | |
| |
| |
| Symptoms of a Weak or Defective Battery | |
| |
| |
| Battery Service Safety Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Battery Visual Inspection | |
| |
| |
| Battery Voltage Test | |
| |
| |
| Battery Load Testing | |
| |
| |
| Capacitance Testing | |
| |
| |
| Jump Starting | |
| |
| |
| Battery Charging | |
| |
| |
| Battery Service | |
| |
| |
| Battery Electrical Drain Test | |
| |
| |
| Battery Electrical Drain Testing Using an Ammeter | |
| |
| |
| Procedure for Battery Electrical Drain Test | |
| |
| |
| Finding the Source of the Drain | |
| |
| |
| What to Do If a Battery Drain Still Exists After All the Fuses Are Disconnected | |
| |
| |
| Cranking Circuit | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing Starter Problems Using Visual Inspection | |
| |
| |
| Starter Testing on the Vehicle | |
| |
| |
| Testing a Starter Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
| Voltage-Drop Testing | |
| |
| |
| Starter Drive-to-Flywheel Clearance | |
| |
| |
| How a Generator Works | |
| |
| |
| Generator Construction | |
| |
| |
| Checking Charging System Voltage | |
| |
| |
| Testing a Generator Using a Voltmeter | |
| |
| |
| Testing a Generator Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
| AC Ripple Voltage Check | |
| |
| |
| AC Current Check | |
| |
| |
| Charging System Voltage-Drop Testing | |
| |
| |
| Generator Output Test | |
| |
| |
| How to Determine Minimum Required Generator Output | |
| |
| |
| Testing a Generator Using a Scope | |
| |
| |
| Hybrid Electric Vehicle Safety Issues | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ignition System Components and Operation | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Ignition System Operation | |
| |
| |
| Ignition Coils | |
| |
| |
| Switching and Triggering | |
| |
| |
| Primary Circuit Operation | |
| |
| |
| Distributor Ignition | |
| |
| |
| Waste-Spark Ignition Systems | |
| |
| |
| Ignition Control Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Compression Sensing Ignition | |
| |
| |
| Coil-on-Plug Ignition | |
| |
| |
| Ion-Sensing Ignition | |
| |
| |
| Ignition Timing | |
| |
| |
| Initial Timing | |
| |
| |
| Knock Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Spark Plugs | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ignition System Diagnosis and Service | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Checking for Spark | |
| |
| |
| Electronic Ignition Troubleshooting Procedure | |
| |
| |
| Ignition Coil Testing Using an Ohmmeter | |
| |
| |
| Pickup Coil Testing | |
| |
| |
| Testing Magnetic Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Testing Hall-Effect Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Testing Optical Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Ignition System Diagnosis Using Visual Inspection | |
| |
| |
| Testing for Poor Performance | |
| |
| |
| Testing for a No-Start Condition | |
| |
| |
| Ignition System Service | |
| |
| |
| Firing Order | |
| |
| |
| Distributor Cap and Rotor Inspection | |
| |
| |
| Spark Plug Wire Inspection | |
| |
| |
| Spark Plug Service | |
| |
| |
| Quick and Easy Secondary Ignition Tests | |
| |
| |
| Ignition Timing | |
| |
| |
| Scope-Testing the Ignition System | |
| |
| |
| Distributor Indexing | |
| |
| |
| Scope-Testing a Waste-Spark Ignition System | |
| |
| |
| Ignition System Troubleshooting Guide | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gasoline and Alternative Fuels | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Gasoline | |
| |
| |
| Volatility | |
| |
| |
| Distillation Curve | |
| |
| |
| Normal and Abnormal Combustion | |
| |
| |
| Octane Rating | |
| |
| |
| Gasoline Grades and Octane Number | |
| |
| |
| Regionally Blended Gasoline | |
| |
| |
| Octane Improvers | |
| |
| |
| Oxygenated Fuels | |
| |
| |
| Alcohol Additives-Advantages and Disadvantages | |
| |
| |
| Testing Gasoline for Alcohol Content | |
| |
| |
| Combustion Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Air-Fuel Ratios | |
| |
| |
| High-Altitude Octane Requirements | |
| |
| |
| Valve Recession and Unleaded Fuel | |
| |
| |
| Reformulated Gasoline | |
| |
| |
| General Gasoline Recommendations | |
| |
| |
| Alternative Fuels | |
| |
| |
| Hybrid Electric Vehicles | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temperature and Throttle Position Sensors Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Stepped ECT Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Testing the Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Intake Air Temperature Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Testing the Intake Air Temperature Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Temperature Sensor Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
| Throttle Position Sensors | |
| |
| |
| TP Sensor Computer Input Functions | |
| |
| |
| PCM Uses for the TP Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Testing the Throttle Position Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Testing a TP Sensor Using the MIN/MAX Function | |
| |
| |
| Testing the TP Sensor Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
| TP Sensor Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| MAP and MAF Sensors Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Air Pressure-High and Low | |
| |
| |
| Principles of Pressure Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Construction of Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Ceramic Disc MAP Sensor | |
| |
| |
| PCM Uses of the MAP Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Barometric Pressure Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Testing the Map Sensor Using a DMM | |
| |
| |
| Testing The MAP Sensor Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
| Fuel-Rail Pressure Sensor | |
| |
| |
| MAP/BARO Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
| Air Flow Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Analog and Digital MAF Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Mass Air Flow Sensor Types | |
| |
| |
| Karman Vortex Sensors | |
| |
| |
| PCM Uses for Air Flow Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Testing Mass Air Flow Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxygen Sensor Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Oxygen Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Zirconia Oxygen Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Titania Oxygen Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Wide-Band Oxygen Sensors | |
| |
| |
| Closed Loop and Open Loop | |
| |
| |
| PCM Uses of the Oxygen Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Testing an Oxygen Sensor Using a Digital Voltmeter | |
| |
| |
| Testing the Oxygen Sensor Using the MIN/MAX Method | |
| |
| |
| Testing an Oxygen Sensor Using a Scan Tool | |
| |
| |
| Testing an Oxygen Sensor Using a Scope | |
| |
| |
| Oxygen Sensor Waveform Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Frequency | |
| |
| |
| Hash | |
| |
| |
| Classifications of Hash | |
| |
| |
| Hash Interpretation | |
| |
| |
| Negative O2S Voltage | |
| |
| |
| False O2S Readings | |
| |
| |
| Postcatalytic Converter Oxygen Sensor Testing | |
| |
| |
| Oxygen Sensor Inspection | |
| |
| |
| Oxygen Sensor-Related Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Delivery System Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Delivery System | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Supply System | |
| |
| |
| Electric Fuel Pumps | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Filters | |
| |
| |
| Fuel-Pump Testing | |
| |
| |
| Fuel-Pump Current Draw Test | |
| |
| |
| Fuel-Pump Current Ramping | |
| |
| |
| Fuel-Pump Replacement | |
| |
| |
| Fuel Supply-Related Diagnostic Trouble Codes | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel-Injection System Diagnosis and Service | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Port Fuel-Injection Pressure Regulator Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing Electronic Fuel-Injection Problems Using Visual Inspection | |
| |
| |
| Scan Tool Vacuum Leak Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Port Fuel-Injection System Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Testing for an Injector Pulse | |
| |
| |
| Checking Fuel-Injector Resistance | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Resistance of Grouped Injectors | |
| |
| |
| Pressure-Drop Balance Test | |
| |
| |
| Injector Voltage Drop Test | |
| |
| |
| Exhaust Gas Balance Test | |
| |
| |
| Scope Testing Fuel Injectors | |
| |
| |
| Injector Current Ramping | |
| |
| |
| Idle Air Speed Control Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Fuel-Injection Service | |
| |
| |
| Fuel-System Scan Tool Diagnostics | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emission Control Devices Operation and Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Vehicle Emissions | |
| |
| |
| Need for Evaporative Emission Control | |
| |
| |
| Vapor Canister Storage | |
| |
| |
| Vapor Purging | |
| |
| |
| Evaporative Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| Enhanced Evaporative Control System | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing the Evap System | |
| |
| |
| Locating Leaks in the System | |
| |
| |
| Evaporative System Monitor | |
| |
| |
| Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems | |
| |
| |
| NO[subscript x] Formation | |
| |
| |
| Controlling NO[subscript x] | |
| |
| |
| EGR System Operation | |
| |
| |
| Positive and Negative Back Pressure EGR Valves | |
| |
| |
| Computer-Controlled EGR | |
| |
| |
| EGR Valve Position Sensors | |
| |
| |
| OBD II EGR Monitoring Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing a Defective EGR System | |
| |
| |
| OBD II EGR System Monitor | |
| |
| |
| Crankcase Ventilation | |
| |
| |
| PCV Valves | |
| |
| |
| Orifice-Controlled Systems | |
| |
| |
| Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| PCV Monitor | |
| |
| |
| Air Pump System | |
| |
| |
| Air Distribution Manifolds and Nozzles | |
| |
| |
| Air Pump System Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Catalytic Converters | |
| |
| |
| Ceramic Monolith Catalytic Converter | |
| |
| |
| OBD II Catalytic Converter Performance | |
| |
| |
| Converter Damaging Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing Catalytic Converters | |
| |
| |
| OBD II Catalytic Converter Monitor | |
| |
| |
| Catalytic Converter Replacement Guidelines | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exhaust Emission Testing | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Exhaust Analysis Testing | |
| |
| |
| Exhaust Analysis and Combustion Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| Baselining a Failed Vehicle | |
| |
| |
| What to Do After Baselining | |
| |
| |
| HC Too High | |
| |
| |
| CO Too High | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Oxygen (O[subscript 2]) and Carbon Dioxide (CO[subscript 2]) | |
| |
| |
| Photochemical Smog Formation | |
| |
| |
| Testing for Oxides of Nitrogen | |
| |
| |
| Correcting High HC Emissions | |
| |
| |
| Correcting High CO Emissions | |
| |
| |
| Correcting High HC and CO Emissions | |
| |
| |
| Correcting High NO[subscript x] Emissions | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engine Condition Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Typical Engine-Related Complaints | |
| |
| |
| Engine Smoke Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Diesel Exhaust Smoke Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Engine Noise Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Oil Pressure Testing | |
| |
| |
| Oil Pressure Warning Lamp | |
| |
| |
| Compression Test | |
| |
| |
| Wet Compression Test | |
| |
| |
| Running (Dynamic) Compression Test | |
| |
| |
| Cylinder Leakage Test | |
| |
| |
| Cylinder Power Balance Test | |
| |
| |
| Power Balance Test Procedure | |
| |
| |
| HC Balance Test | |
| |
| |
| Relative Compression Test | |
| |
| |
| Vacuum Testing | |
| |
| |
| Exhaust Restriction Test | |
| |
| |
| Testing Back Pressure with a Vacuum Gauge | |
| |
| |
| Testing Back Pressure with a Pressure Gauge | |
| |
| |
| Timing Chain Slack Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing Head Gasket Failure | |
| |
| |
| Dash Warning Lights | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symptom-Based Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Learning Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Learn | |
| |
| |
| Engine Hesitates, Sags, or Stumbles During Acceleration | |
| |
| |
| Rough Idle or Stalling | |
| |
| |
| Spark Knock (Ping or Detonation) | |
| |
| |
| Engine Cranks Okay, But Is Hard to Start | |
| |
| |
| Engine Does Not Crank or Cranks Slowly | |
| |
| |
| Poor Fuel Economy | |
| |
| |
| Dieseling or Run-On | |
| |
| |
| Backfire | |
| |
| |
| Lack of Power | |
| |
| |
| Surges | |
| |
| |
| Cuts Out or Misfires | |
| |
| |
| Rich Exhaust | |
| |
| |
| Lean Exhaust | |
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| Symptoms of a Defective Component | |
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| Excessive CO Exhaust Emissions | |
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| Excessive HC Exhaust Emissions | |
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| Excessive NO[subscript x] Exhaust Emissions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| ASE Certification-Type Questions | |
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| Sample Ase Engine Performance (A8) Certification Test | |
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| Sample Ase Advanced Level (L1) Engine Performance Certification Test | |
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| Engine Performance (A8) Ase Certification Test Correlation Chart | |
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| Engine Performance (A8) Natef Task List Correlation Chart | |
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| English Glossary | |
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| Spanish Glossary | |
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| Index | |