| |
| |
| |
| Optical Fiber Communications | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| History of Optical Fibers | |
| |
| |
| Optical Fibers Versus Metallic Cable Facilities | |
| |
| |
| Advantages of Optical Fiber Systems | |
| |
| |
| Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Systems | |
| |
| |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| Optical Fiber Communications System Block Diagram | |
| |
| |
| Fiber Types | |
| |
| |
| Cable Construction | |
| |
| |
| Light Propagation | |
| |
| |
| The Physics of Light | |
| |
| |
| Velocity of Propagation | |
| |
| |
| Refraction | |
| |
| |
| Refractive Index | |
| |
| |
| Critical Angle | |
| |
| |
| Propagation of Light Through an Optical Fiber | |
| |
| |
| Mode of Propagation | |
| |
| |
| Index Profile | |
| |
| |
| Optical Fiber Configurations | |
| |
| |
| Single-Mode Step-Index Fiber | |
| |
| |
| Multimode Step-Index Fiber | |
| |
| |
| Multimode Graded-Index Fiber | |
| |
| |
| Comparison of the Three Types of Optical Fibers | |
| |
| |
| Acceptance Angle and Acceptance Cone | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Aperture | |
| |
| |
| Losses in Optical Fiber Cables | |
| |
| |
| Absorption Losses | |
| |
| |
| Material or Rayleigh Scattering Losses | |
| |
| |
| Chromatic or Wavelength Dispersion | |
| |
| |
| Radiation Losses | |
| |
| |
| Modal Dispersion | |
| |
| |
| Coupling Losses | |
| |
| |
| Light Sources | |
| |
| |
| Optical Power | |
| |
| |
| Optical Sources | |
| |
| |
| Light-Emitting Diodes | |
| |
| |
| Injection Laser Diodes | |
| |
| |
| Light Detectors | |
| |
| |
| PIN Diodes | |
| |
| |
| Avalanche Photodiodes | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Light Detectors | |
| |
| |
| Lasers | |
| |
| |
| Laser Types | |
| |
| |
| Laser Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Laser Construction | |
| |
| |
| Optical Fiber System Link Budget | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Communications | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Digital Communications | |
| |
| |
| Shannon Limit for Information Capacity | |
| |
| |
| Digital Radio | |
| |
| |
| Digital Amplitude Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| FSK Bit Rate and Baud | |
| |
| |
| FSK Transmitter | |
| |
| |
| Bandwidth Considerations of FSK | |
| |
| |
| FSK Receiver | |
| |
| |
| Continuous-Phase Frequency Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| Phase Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| Binary Phase Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| M-ary Encoding | |
| |
| |
| Quaternary Phase Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| Eight-Phase PSK | |
| |
| |
| Sixteen-Phase PSK | |
| |
| |
| Quadrature Amplitude Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Eight QAM | |
| |
| |
| Sixteen QAM | |
| |
| |
| Bandwidth Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| Carrier Recovery | |
| |
| |
| Squaring Loop | |
| |
| |
| Costas Loop | |
| |
| |
| Remodulator | |
| |
| |
| Differential Phase Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| Differential BPSK | |
| |
| |
| Clock Recovery | |
| |
| |
| Probability of Error and Bit Error Rate | |
| |
| |
| PSK Error Performance | |
| |
| |
| QAM Error Performance | |
| |
| |
| FSK Error Performance | |
| |
| |
| Trellis Encoding | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Communications | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| History of Data Communications | |
| |
| |
| Standards Organizations for Data Communications | |
| |
| |
| Data Communications Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Serial and Parallel Data Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Configurations | |
| |
| |
| Topologies | |
| |
| |
| Transmission Modes | |
| |
| |
| Two-Wire Versus Four-Wire Operation | |
| |
| |
| Data Communications Codes | |
| |
| |
| Baudot Code | |
| |
| |
| ASCII Code | |
| |
| |
| EBCDIC Code | |
| |
| |
| Bar Codes | |
| |
| |
| Error Control | |
| |
| |
| Error Detection | |
| |
| |
| Error Correction | |
| |
| |
| Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| Character Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| Data Communications Hardware | |
| |
| |
| Line Control Unit | |
| |
| |
| Serial Interfaces | |
| |
| |
| RS-232 Interface | |
| |
| |
| RS-449 and RS-530 Interface Standards | |
| |
| |
| CCITT X.21 | |
| |
| |
| Parallel Interfaces | |
| |
| |
| Centronics Parallel Interface | |
| |
| |
| IEEE 488 Bus | |
| |
| |
| The Telephone Network | |
| |
| |
| DDD Network | |
| |
| |
| Private-Line Service | |
| |
| |
| The Telephone Circuit | |
| |
| |
| The Local Loop | |
| |
| |
| Transmission Parameters | |
| |
| |
| Data Modems | |
| |
| |
| Asynchronous Modems | |
| |
| |
| Synchronous Modems | |
| |
| |
| Modem Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| Low-Speed Modems | |
| |
| |
| Medium- and High-Speed Modems | |
| |
| |
| Modem Control--The AT Command Set | |
| |
| |
| CCITT Modem Recommendations | |
| |
| |
| CCITT Modem Recommendation V.29 | |
| |
| |
| CCITT Modem Recommendation V.32 | |
| |
| |
| CCITT Modem Recommendation V.32bis and V.32terbo | |
| |
| |
| CCITT Modem Recommendation V.33 | |
| |
| |
| CCITT Modem Recommendation V.42 and V.42bis | |
| |
| |
| CCITT Modem Recommendation V.34 (V.fast) | |
| |
| |
| CCITT Modem Recommendation V.34+ | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Communications Protocols and Network Configurations | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Open Systems Interconnection | |
| |
| |
| The ISO Protocol Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| Data Transmission Modes | |
| |
| |
| Character Mode | |
| |
| |
| Block Mode | |
| |
| |
| Asynchronous Protocols | |
| |
| |
| Synchronous Protocols | |
| |
| |
| IBM's Bisync Protocol | |
| |
| |
| Synchronous Data Link Communications | |
| |
| |
| SDLC Loop Operation | |
| |
| |
| Transparency | |
| |
| |
| Message Abort | |
| |
| |
| Invert-On-Zero Encoding | |
| |
| |
| High-Level Data Link Control | |
| |
| |
| Public Data Network | |
| |
| |
| Value-Added Network | |
| |
| |
| Packet-Switching Network | |
| |
| |
| CCITT X.1 International User Class of Service | |
| |
| |
| CCITT X.25 User-to-Network Interface Protocol | |
| |
| |
| Permanent Virtual Circuit | |
| |
| |
| Virtual Call | |
| |
| |
| Datagram | |
| |
| |
| X.25 Packet Format | |
| |
| |
| The X Series of Recommended Standards | |
| |
| |
| Asynchronous Transfer Mode | |
| |
| |
| Synchronous Optical Network | |
| |
| |
| Integrated Services Digital Network | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to ISDN | |
| |
| |
| ISDN Architecture | |
| |
| |
| ISDN System Connections and Interface Units | |
| |
| |
| ISDN Protocols | |
| |
| |
| Broadband ISDN | |
| |
| |
| Local Area Networks | |
| |
| |
| Local Area Network System Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Token Passing Ring | |
| |
| |
| Slotted Ring | |
| |
| |
| Token Bus | |
| |
| |
| Ethernet | |
| |
| |
| 10BASE-5 Ethernet | |
| |
| |
| 10BASE-2 Ethernet | |
| |
| |
| 10BASE-T Ethernet | |
| |
| |
| Ethernet Data Format | |
| |
| |
| System Operation | |
| |
| |
| Fiber Distributed Data Interface | |
| |
| |
| FDDI Nodes | |
| |
| |
| FDDI Network Using Twisted-Pair Metallic Transmission Lines | |
| |
| |
| Fibre Channel | |
| |
| |
| 100BASE-T Ethernet | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Advantages of Digital Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Disadvantages of Digital Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Pulse Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Pulse Code Modulation | |
| |
| |
| PCM Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Sampling Rate | |
| |
| |
| Folded Binary Code | |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Range | |
| |
| |
| Coding Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| Linear Versus Nonlinear PCM Codes | |
| |
| |
| Idle Channel Noise | |
| |
| |
| Coding Methods | |
| |
| |
| Companding | |
| |
| |
| Analog Companding | |
| |
| |
| Digital Companding | |
| |
| |
| Percentage Error | |
| |
| |
| Vocoders | |
| |
| |
| PCM Line Speed | |
| |
| |
| Delta Modulation PCM | |
| |
| |
| Delta Modulation Transmitter | |
| |
| |
| Delta Modulation Receiver | |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Delta Modulation PCM | |
| |
| |
| Differential Pulse Code Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Pulse Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Intersymbol Interference | |
| |
| |
| Eye Patterns | |
| |
| |
| Signal Power in Binary Digital Signals | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Time-Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| T1 Digital Carrier System | |
| |
| |
| D-Type Channel Banks | |
| |
| |
| Superframe Format | |
| |
| |
| Extended Superframe Format | |
| |
| |
| CCITT Time-Division Multiplexed Carrier System | |
| |
| |
| Codecs | |
| |
| |
| Combo Chips | |
| |
| |
| General Operation | |
| |
| |
| Fixed-Data-Rate Mode | |
| |
| |
| Variable-Data-Rate Mode | |
| |
| |
| Supervisory Signaling | |
| |
| |
| North American Digital Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| Mastergroup and Commercial Television Terminals | |
| |
| |
| Picturephone Terminal | |
| |
| |
| Data Terminal | |
| |
| |
| Line Encoding | |
| |
| |
| Transmission Voltages and DC Component | |
| |
| |
| Duty Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Bandwidth Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Clock Recovery | |
| |
| |
| Error Detection | |
| |
| |
| Ease of Detection and Decoding | |
| |
| |
| Digital Biphase, Miller, and Dicodes | |
| |
| |
| T-Carriers | |
| |
| |
| T1 and T1C Carrier Systems | |
| |
| |
| T2 Carrier Systems | |
| |
| |
| T3 Carrier Systems | |
| |
| |
| T4M Carrier System | |
| |
| |
| T5 Carrier System | |
| |
| |
| Frame Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| Added-Digit Framing | |
| |
| |
| Robbed-Digit Framing | |
| |
| |
| Added-Channel Framing | |
| |
| |
| Statistical Framing | |
| |
| |
| Unique-Line Code Framing | |
| |
| |
| Bit Interleaving Versus Word Interleaving | |
| |
| |
| Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| ATandT's FDM Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| Long-Haul Communications with FDM | |
| |
| |
| Message Channel | |
| |
| |
| Basic Group | |
| |
| |
| Basic Supergroup | |
| |
| |
| Basic Mastergroup | |
| |
| |
| Larger Groupings | |
| |
| |
| Composite Baseband Signal | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Groups and Supergroups | |
| |
| |
| Formation of a Mastergroup | |
| |
| |
| U600 Mastergroup | |
| |
| |
| L600 Mastergroup | |
| |
| |
| Formation of a Radio Channel | |
| |
| |
| Wavelength-Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Versus Frequency-Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| D-WDM, Wavelengths, and Wavelength Channels | |
| |
| |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of WDM | |
| |
| |
| WDM Circuit Components | |
| |
| |
| Wavelength-Division Couplers | |
| |
| |
| WDM and the Synchronous Optical Network | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microwave Radio Communications and System Gain | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Advantages of Microwave Radio Communications | |
| |
| |
| Analog Versus Digital Microwave | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Versus Amplitude Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Modulated Microwave Radio System | |
| |
| |
| FM Microwave Radio Transmitter | |
| |
| |
| FM Microwave Radio Receiver | |
| |
| |
| FM Microwave Radio Repeaters | |
| |
| |
| Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Space Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Polarization Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Hybrid Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Quad Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Protection Switching Arrangements | |
| |
| |
| Hot Standby | |
| |
| |
| Diversity | |
| |
| |
| Reliability | |
| |
| |
| FM Microwave Radio Stations | |
| |
| |
| Terminal Station | |
| |
| |
| Repeater Station | |
| |
| |
| Path Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Fading | |
| |
| |
| System Gain | |
| |
| |
| Free-Space Path Loss | |
| |
| |
| Fade Margin | |
| |
| |
| Receiver Threshold | |
| |
| |
| Carrier-to-Noise Versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| Noise Factor and Noise Figure | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Satellite Communications | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| History of Satellites | |
| |
| |
| Kepler's Laws | |
| |
| |
| Satellite Orbits | |
| |
| |
| Satellite Elevation Categories | |
| |
| |
| Satellite Orbital Patterns | |
| |
| |
| Geostationary Satellites | |
| |
| |
| Geosynchronous Satellite Orbital Velocity | |
| |
| |
| Round-Trip Time Delay of Geosynchronous Satellites | |
| |
| |
| Clarke Orbit | |
| |
| |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Geosynchronous Satellites | |
| |
| |
| Antenna Look Angles | |
| |
| |
| Angle of Elevation | |
| |
| |
| Azimuth Angle | |
| |
| |
| Limits of Visibility | |
| |
| |
| Satellite Classifications, Spacing, and Frequency Allocation | |
| |
| |
| Satellite Antenna Radiation Patterns: Footprints | |
| |
| |
| Spot and Zonal Beams | |
| |
| |
| Hemispherical Beams | |
| |
| |
| Earth (Global) Beams | |
| |
| |
| Reuse | |
| |
| |
| Satellite System Link Models | |
| |
| |
| Up-Link Model | |
| |
| |
| Transponder | |
| |
| |
| Down-Link Model | |
| |
| |
| Cross-Links | |
| |
| |
| Satellite System Parameters | |
| |
| |
| Back-Off Loss | |
| |
| |
| Transmit Power and Bit Energy | |
| |
| |
| Effective Isotropic Radiated Power | |
| |
| |
| Equivalent Noise Temperature | |
| |
| |
| Noise Density | |
| |
| |
| Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio | |
| |
| |
| Energy of Bit-to-Noise Density Ratio | |
| |
| |
| Gain-to-Equivalent Noise Temperature Ratio | |
| |
| |
| Satellite System Link Equations | |
| |
| |
| Link Equations | |
| |
| |
| Up-Link Equation | |
| |
| |
| Down-Link Equation | |
| |
| |
| Link Budget | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Satellite Multiple-Access Arrangements | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| FDM/FM Satellite Systems | |
| |
| |
| Anik-E Communications Satellite | |
| |
| |
| Multiple Accessing | |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Division Multiple Access | |
| |
| |
| Time-Division Multiple Access | |
| |
| |
| Code-Division Multiple Access | |
| |
| |
| Channel Capacity | |
| |
| |
| Digital Noninterpolated Interfaces | |
| |
| |
| Digital Speech Interpolated Interfaces | |
| |
| |
| Time-Assignment Speech Interpolation | |
| |
| |
| Satellite Radio Navigation | |
| |
| |
| Loran Navigation | |
| |
| |
| Navstar GPS | |
| |
| |
| GPS Services | |
| |
| |
| Navstar Segments | |
| |
| |
| Differential GPS | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mobile Telephone Service | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Evolution of Mobile Telephone | |
| |
| |
| Two-Way Mobile Communications Services | |
| |
| |
| Cellular Telephone | |
| |
| |
| Basic Cellular Telephone Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Reuse | |
| |
| |
| Interference | |
| |
| |
| Cell Splitting | |
| |
| |
| Sectoring | |
| |
| |
| Segmentation and Dualisation | |
| |
| |
| Cell System Layout | |
| |
| |
| Call Processing | |
| |
| |
| Analog Cellular Telephone | |
| |
| |
| AMPS Frequency Allocation | |
| |
| |
| AMPS Classification of Cellular Telephones | |
| |
| |
| AMPS Control Channel | |
| |
| |
| Voice-Channel Signaling | |
| |
| |
| Supervisory Audio and Signaling Tones | |
| |
| |
| N-AMPS--Frequency-Division Multiple Accessing | |
| |
| |
| ETACS Cellular Telephone | |
| |
| |
| Analog Cellular Telephone Block Diagram | |
| |
| |
| Digital Cellular Telephone | |
| |
| |
| USDC Control Channels | |
| |
| |
| USDC Digital Voice Channel | |
| |
| |
| Speech Coding | |
| |
| |
| USDC Digital Modulation Scheme | |
| |
| |
| USDC Digital Control Channel | |
| |
| |
| Code-Division Multiple-Accessing Digital Cellular Telephone System (IS-95) | |
| |
| |
| Code-Division Multiple Accessing | |
| |
| |
| CDMA Traffic Channels | |
| |
| |
| Global System for Mobile Communications | |
| |
| |
| GSM Services | |
| |
| |
| GSM System Architecture | |
| |
| |
| GSM Radio Subsystem | |
| |
| |
| Personal Communications Satellite System | |
| |
| |
| Projected PCSS Market | |
| |
| |
| PCSS Industry Requirements | |
| |
| |
| PCSS Advantages and Disadvantages | |
| |
| |
| PCSS Providers | |
| |
| |
| Iridium Satellite System | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Selected Problems | |
| |
| |
| Index | |