| |
| |
| |
| Introduction, Measurement, Estimating | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Science | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physics and Its Relation to Other Fields | |
| |
| |
| |
| Models, Theories, and Laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Units, Standards, and the SI System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Converting Units | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order-of-Magnitude: Rapid Estimating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reference Frames and Displacement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Average Velocity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instantaneous Velocity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acceleration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motion at Constant Acceleration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Falling Objects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vectors and Scalars | |
| |
| |
| |
| Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adding Vectors by Components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Projectile Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solving Problems Involving Projectile Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Projectile Motion is Parabolic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relative Velocity | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Newton's First Law of Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Newton's Second Law of Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Newton's Third Law of Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight-the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solving Problems with Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications Involving Friction, Inclines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problem Solving-A General Approach | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circular Motion; Gravitation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Highway Curves, Banked and Unbanked | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonuniform Circular Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Centrifugation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gravity Near the Earth's Surface; Geophysical Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Satellites and "Weightlessness" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Forces in Nature | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Work and Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Work Done by a Constant Force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Work Done by a Variable Force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Potential Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conservative and Nonconservative Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Forms of Energy; Energy Transformations and the Law of Conservation of Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Momentum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Momentum and Its Relation to Force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conservation of Momentum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collisions and Impulse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elastic Collisions in One Dimension | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inelastic Collisions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Center of Mass (CM) | |
| |
| |
| |
| CM for the Human Body | |
| |
| |
| |
| Center of Mass and Translational Motion | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rotational Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Angular Quantities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constant Angular Acceleration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rolling Motion (Without Slipping) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Torque | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rotational Kinetic Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Angular Momentum and Its Conservation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vector Nature of Angular Quantities | |
| |
| |
| Suggestion for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Conditions for Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solving Statics Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications to Muscles and Joints | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability and Balance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elasticity; Stress and Strain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spanning a Space: Arches and Domes | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phases of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Density and Specific Gravity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pressure in Fluids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pascal's Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bernoulli's Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs, and TIA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viscosity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's Equation, Blood Flow | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Tension and Capillarity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pumps, and the Heart | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vibrations and Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Simple Pendulum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Damped Oscillations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forced Vibrations; Resonance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Waves; Transverse and Longitudinal | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy Transported by Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reflection and Transmission of Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standing Waves; Resonance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Refraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sound | |
| |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Sound | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intensity of Sound: Decibels | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ear and Its Response; Loudness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interference of Sound Waves; Beats | |
| |
| |
| |
| Doppler Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temperature and Kinetic Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atomic Theory of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temperature and Thermometers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermal Equilibrium and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat Thermal Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ideal Gas Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ideal Gas Law in terms of Molecules: Avogadro's Number | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Distribution of Molecular Speeds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Real Gases and Changes of Phase | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vapor Pressure and Humidity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffusion | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat as Energy Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Internal Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specific Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calorimetry-Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Latent Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat Transfer: Conduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat Transfer: Convection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat Transfer: Radiation | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Laws of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Metabolism and the First Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat Engines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order to Disorder | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolution and Growth; "Time Arrow" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermal Pollution and Global Warming | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Charge and Electric Field | |
| |
| |
| |
| Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Charge in the Atom | |
| |
| |
| |
| Insulators and Conductors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Induced Charge; the Electroscope | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coulomb's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solving Problems involving Coulomb's Law and Vectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Electric Field | |
| |
| |
| |
| Field Lines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Fields and Conductors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gauss's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Field in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Potential | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equipotential Lines | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Potential Due to Point Charges | |
| |
| |
| |
| Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dielectrics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Storage of Electrical Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cathode Ray Tube: TV and Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Battery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Current | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resistivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Power | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power in Household Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alternating Current | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microscopic View of Electric Current | |
| |
| |
| |
| Superconductivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Conduction in the Human Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| DC Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
| EMF and Terminal Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resistors in Series and in Parallel | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kirchhoff's Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel | |
| |
| |
| |
| RC Circuits-Resistor and Capacitor in Series | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Hazards | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ammeters and Voltmeters | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnetism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnets and Magnetic Fields | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields | |
| |
| |
| |
| Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B | |
| |
| |
| |
| Force on Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire | |
| |
| |
| |
| Force Between Two Parallel Wires | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electromagnets and Solenoids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ampere's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications: Galvanometers, Motors, Loudspeakers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mass Spectrometers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ferromagnetism: Domains and Hysteresis | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Induced EMF | |
| |
| |
| |
| Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric Generators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transformers; Transmission of Power | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications of Induction: Sound Systems, Computer Memory, the Seismograph | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inductance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field | |
| |
| |
| |
| LR Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
| AC Circuits and Impedance | |
| |
| |
| |
| LRC Series AC Circuit; Problem Solving | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resonance in AC Circuits; Oscillators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impedance Matching | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electromagnetic Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell's Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Production of Electromagnetic Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light as an Electromagnetic wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measuring the Speed of Light | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy in EM Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Momentum Transfer and Radiation Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radio and Television: Wireless Communication | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light: Geometric Optics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ray Model of Light | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reflection; Image Formation by a Planar Mirror | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Index of Refraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Refraction: Snell's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Thin Lens Equation; Magnification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combinations of Lenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Lensmaker's Equation | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Wave Nature of Light | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waves Versus Particles; Huygens' Principle and Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Huygens' Principle and the law of Refraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interference-Young's Double-Slit Experiment | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffraction Gratings | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interference by Thin Films | |
| |
| |
| |
| Michelson Interferometer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Instruments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cameras, Standard and Digital | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Magnifying Glass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Telescopes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compound Microscope | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limits of Resolution; the Raleigh Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the [Lambda] Limit | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specialty Microscopes and Contrast | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Imaging and Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan) | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special Theory of Relativity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Galilean-Newtonian Relativity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simultaneity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox | |
| |
| |
| |
| Length Contraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Four-Dimensional Space-Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relativistic Momentum and Mass | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ultimate Speed | |
| |
| |
| |
| E = mc[superscript 2]; Mass and Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relativistic Addition of Velocities | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Impact of Special Relativity | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atoms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discovery and Properties of the Electron | |
| |
| |
| |
| Planck's Quantum Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compton Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photon Interactions, Pair Production | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of Complementarity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Nature of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electron Microscopes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Models of the Atom | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bohr Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| de Broglie Hypothesis As Applied to Atoms | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantum Mechanics of Atoms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantum Mechanics-A New Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Philosophical Implications; Probability versus Determinism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex Atoms; the Exclusion Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Periodic Table of Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluorescence and Phosphorescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lasers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Holography | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecules and Solids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bonding in Molecules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Potential Energy Diagrams for Molecules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weak (van der Waals) Bonds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Spectra | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bonding in Solids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Band Theory of Solids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Semiconductors and Doping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Semiconductor Diodes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transistors and Integrated Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure and Properties of the Nucleus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radioactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alpha Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beta Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gamma Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Half-Life and Rate of Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-Life | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decay Series | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radioactive Dating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability and Tunneling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detection of Radiation | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Radiation Damage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measurement of Radiation-Dosimetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation Therapy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tracers and Imaging in Research and Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emission Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elementary Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
| High Energy Particles and Accelerators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics-Particle Exchange | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particles and Antiparticles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particle Classification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particle Stability and Resonances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strange Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quarks | |
| |
| |
| |
| The "Standard Model": Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and the Electroweak Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grand Unified Theories | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Astrophysics and Cosmology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stars and Galaxies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stellar Evolution: The Birth and Death of Stars | |
| |
| |
| |
| Distance Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Expanding Universe: Red Shift and Hubble's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Standard Cosmological Model: The Early History of the Universe | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mass-Energy in the Universe; Dark Matter and Dark Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Large-Scale Structure of the Universe | |
| |
| |
| |
| Finally... | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Solving Problems | |