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| Preface | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Safety Programs | |
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| Engineering Ethics | |
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| Accident and Loss Statistics | |
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| Acceptable Risk | |
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| Public Perceptions | |
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| The Nature of the Accident Process | |
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| Inherent Safety | |
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| Four Significant Disasters | |
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| Flixborough, England | |
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| Bhopal, India | |
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| Seveso, Italy | |
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| Pasadena, Texas | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Toxicology | |
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| How Toxicants Enter Biological Organisms | |
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| Gastrointestinal Tract | |
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| Skin | |
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| Respiratory System | |
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| How Toxicants Are Eliminated from Biological Organisms | |
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| Effects of Toxicants on Biological Organisms | |
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| Toxicological Studies | |
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| Dose versus Response | |
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| Models for Dose and Response Curves | |
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| Relative Toxicity | |
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| Threshold Limit Values | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Industrial Hygiene | |
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| Government Regulations | |
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| Laws and Regulations | |
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| Creating a Law | |
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| Creating a Regulation | |
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| OSHA: Process Safety Management | |
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| EPA: Risk Management Plan | |
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| Industrial Hygiene: Identification | |
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| Material Safety Data Sheets | |
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| Industrial Hygiene: Evaluation | |
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| Evaluating Exposures to Volatile Toxicants by Monitoring | |
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| Evaluation of Worker Exposures to Dusts | |
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| Evaluating Worker Exposures to Noise | |
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| Estimating Worker Exposures to Toxic Vapors | |
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| Industrial Hygiene: Control | |
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| Respirators | |
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| Ventilation | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Source Models | |
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| Introduction to Source Models | |
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| Flow of Liquid through a Hole | |
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| Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank | |
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| Flow of Liquids through Pipes | |
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| 2-K Method | |
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| Flow of Vapor through Holes | |
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| Flow of Gases through Pipes | |
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| Adiabatic Flows | |
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| Isothermal Flows | |
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| Flashing Liquids | |
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| Liquid Pool Evaporation or Boiling | |
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| Realistic and Worst-Case Releases | |
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| Conservative Analysis | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Toxic Release and Dispersion Models | |
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| Parameters Affecting Dispersion | |
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| Neutrally Buoyant Dispersion Models | |
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| Steady-State Continuous Point Release with No Wind | |
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| Puff with No Wind | |
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| Non-Steady-State Continuous Point Release with No Wind | |
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| Steady-State Continuous Point Source Release with Wind | |
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| Puff with No Wind and Eddy Diffusivity Is a Function of Direction | |
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| Steady-State Continuous Point Source Release with Wind and Eddy Diffusivity Is a Function of Direction | |
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| Puff with Wind | |
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| Puff with No Wind and with Source on Ground | |
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| Steady-State Plume with Source on Ground | |
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| Continuous Steady-State Source with Source at Height H[subscript r] above the Ground | |
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| Pasquill-Gifford Model | |
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| Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Ground Level, Coordinates Fixed at Release Point, Constant Wind Only in x Direction with Constant Velocity u | |
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| Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u | |
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| Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Height H[subscript r] above Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u | |
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| Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height H[subscript r] above Ground Level and a Coordinate System on the Ground That Moves with the Puff | |
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| Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height H[subscript r] above Ground Level and a Coordinate System Fixed on the Ground at the Release Point | |
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| Worst-Case Conditions | |
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| Limitations to Pasquill-Gifford Dispersion Modeling | |
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| Dense Gas Dispersion | |
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| Toxic Effect Criteria | |
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| Effect of Release Momentum and Buoyancy | |
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| Release Mitigation | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fires and Explosions | |
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| The Fire Triangle | |
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| Distinction between Fires and Explosions | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Flammability Characteristics of Liquids and Vapors | |
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| Liquids | |
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| Gases and Vapors | |
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| Vapor Mixtures | |
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| Flammability Limit Dependence on Temperature | |
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| Flammability Limit Dependence on Pressure | |
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| Estimating Flammability Limits | |
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| Limiting Oxygen Concentration and Inerting | |
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| Flammability Diagram | |
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| Ignition Energy | |
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| Autoignition | |
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| Auto-Oxidation | |
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| Adiabatic Compression | |
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| Ignition Sources | |
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| Sprays and Mists | |
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| Explosions | |
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| Detonation and Deflagration | |
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| Confined Explosions | |
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| Blast Damage Resulting from Overpressure | |
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| TNT Equivalency | |
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| TNO Multi-Energy Method | |
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| Energy of Chemical Explosions | |
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| Energy of Mechanical Explosions | |
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| Missile Damage | |
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| Blast Damage to People | |
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| Vapor Cloud Explosions | |
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| Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Designs to Prevent Fires and Explosions | |
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| Inerting | |
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| Vacuum Purging | |
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| Pressure Purging | |
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| Combined Pressure-Vacuum Purging | |
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| Vacuum and Pressure Purging with Impure Nitrogen | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Pressure and Vacuum Inerting Procedures | |
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| Sweep-Through Purging | |
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| Siphon Purging | |
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| Using the Flammability Diagram To Avoid Flammable Atmospheres | |
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| Static Electricity | |
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| Fundamentals of Static Charge | |
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| Charge Accumulation | |
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| Electrostatic Discharges | |
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| Energy from Electrostatic Discharges | |
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| Energy of Electrostatic Ignition Sources | |
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| Streaming Current | |
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| Electrostatic Voltage Drops | |
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| Energy of Charged Capacitors | |
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| Capacitance of a Body | |
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| Balance of Charges | |
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| Controlling Static Electricity | |
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| General Design Methods To Prevent Electrostatic Ignitions | |
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| Relaxation | |
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| Bonding and Grounding | |
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| Dip Pipes | |
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| Increasing Conductivity with Additives | |
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| Handling Solids without Flammable Vapors | |
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| Handling Solids with Flammable Vapors | |
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| Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments | |
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| Explosion-Proof Housings | |
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| Area and Material Classification | |
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| Design of an XP Area | |
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| Ventilation | |
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| Open-Air Plants | |
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| Plants Inside Buildings | |
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| Sprinkler Systems | |
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| Miscellaneous Designs for Preventing Fires and Explosions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Introduction to Reliefs | |
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| Relief Concepts | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Location of Reliefs | |
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| Relief Types | |
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| Relief Scenarios | |
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| Data for Sizing Reliefs | |
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| Relief Systems | |
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| Relief Installation Practices | |
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| Relief Design Considerations | |
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| Horizontal Knockout Drum | |
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| Flares | |
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| Scrubbers | |
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| Condensers | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Relief Sizing | |
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| Conventional Spring-Operated Reliefs in Liquid Service | |
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| Conventional Spring-Operated Reliefs in Vapor or Gas Service | |
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| Rupture Disc Reliefs in Liquid Service | |
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| Rupture Disc Reliefs in Vapor or Gas Service | |
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| Two-Phase Flow during Runaway Reaction Relief | |
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| Simplified Nomograph Method | |
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| Deflagration Venting for Dust and Vapor Explosions | |
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| Vents for Low-Pressure Structures | |
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| Vents for High-Pressure Structures | |
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| Venting for Fires External to Process Vessels | |
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| Reliefs for Thermal Expansion of Process Fluids | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Hazards Identification | |
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| Process Hazards Checklists | |
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| Hazards Surveys | |
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| Hazards and Operability Studies | |
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| Safety Reviews | |
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| Other Methods | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Risk Assessment | |
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| Review of Probability Theory | |
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| Interactions between Process Units | |
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| Revealed and Unrevealed Failures | |
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| Probability of Coincidence | |
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| Redundancy | |
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| Common Mode Failures | |
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| Event Trees | |
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| Fault Trees | |
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| Determining the Minimal Cut Sets | |
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| Quantitative Calculations Using the Fault Tree | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Fault Trees | |
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| Relationship between Fault Trees and Event Trees | |
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| QRA and LOPA | |
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| Quantitative Risk Analysis | |
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| Layer of Protection Analysis | |
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| Consequence | |
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| Frequency | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Accident Investigations | |
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| Learning from Accidents | |
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| Layered Investigations | |
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| Investigation Process | |
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| Investigation Summary | |
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| Aids for Diagnosis | |
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| Fires | |
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| Explosions | |
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| Sources of Ignition in Vessels | |
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| Pressure Effects | |
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| Medical Evidence | |
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| Miscellaneous Aids to Diagnosis | |
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| Aids for Recommendations | |
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| Control Plant Modifications | |
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| User-Friendly Designs | |
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| Block Valves | |
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| Double Block and Bleed | |
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| Preventive Maintenance | |
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| Analyzers | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Case Histories | |
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| Static Electricity | |
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| Tank Car Loading Explosion | |
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| Explosion in a Centrifuge | |
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| Duct System Explosion | |
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| Conductor in a Solids Storage Bin | |
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| Pigment and Filter | |
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| Pipefitter's Helper | |
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| Lessons Learned | |
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| Chemical Reactivity | |
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| Bottle of Isopropyl Ether | |
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| Nitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid Decomposition | |
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| Organic Oxidation | |
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| Lessons Learned | |
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| System Designs | |
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| Ethylene Oxide Explosion | |
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| Ethylene Explosion | |
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| Butadiene Explosion | |
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| Light Hydrocarbon Explosion | |
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| Pump Vibration | |
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| Pump Failure | |
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| Ethylene Explosion (1) | |
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| Ethylene Explosion (2) | |
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| Ethylene Oxide Explosion | |
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| Lessons Learned | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Leak Testing a Vessel | |
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| Man Working in Vessel | |
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| Vinyl Chloride Explosion | |
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| Dangerous Water Expansion | |
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| Phenol-Formaldehyde Runaway Reaction | |
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| Conditions and Secondary Reaction Cause Explosion | |
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| Fuel-Blending Tank Explosion | |
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| Lessons Learned | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Unit Conversion Constants | |
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| Flammability Data for Selected Hydrocarbons | |
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| Detailed Equations for Flammability Diagrams | |
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| Equations Useful for Placing Vessels into and out of Service | |
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| Formal Safety Review Report for Example 10-4 | |
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| Saturation Vapor Pressure Data | |