| |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Preface to the First Edition | |
| |
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| Introduction | |
| |
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| Human Osteology | |
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| A Guide to the Text | |
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| Teaching Osteology | |
| |
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| Resources for the Osteologist | |
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| Studying Osteology | |
| |
| |
| Working with Human Bones | |
| |
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| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
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| Bone Biology | |
| |
| |
| Variation | |
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| A Few Facts about Bone | |
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| Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System | |
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| |
| Gross Anatomy of Bones | |
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| Molecular Structure of Bone | |
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| Histology and Metabolism of Bone | |
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| Bone Growth | |
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| Morphogenesis | |
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| Bone Repair | |
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| Suggested Further Readings | |
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| Anatomical Terminology | |
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| Planes of Reference | |
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| Directional Terms | |
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| General | |
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| Teeth | |
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| Hands and Feet | |
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| Motions of the Body | |
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| General | |
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| Hands and Feet | |
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| General Bone Features | |
| |
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| Projections and Parts | |
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| Depressions | |
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| Suggested Further Readings | |
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| Skull | |
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| Handling the Skull | |
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| Elements of the Skull | |
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| Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses | |
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| Skull Orientation | |
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| Cranial Osteometric Points | |
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| Unpaired (Midline) Cranial Osteometric Points | |
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| Paired Cranial Osteometric Points | |
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| Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy | |
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| Frontal | |
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| Anatomy | |
| |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
| |
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| Siding | |
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| Parietals | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Temporals | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Auditory Ossicles | |
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| Occipital | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Maxillae | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Palatines | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Vomer | |
| |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Inferior Nasal Conchae | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Ethmoid | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Lacrimals | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Nasals | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Zygomatics | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Sphenoid | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Mandible | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| |
| Siding | |
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| Mastication | |
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| Suggested Further Readings | |
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| Dentition | |
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| Dental Form and Function | |
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| Dental Terminology | |
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| Anatomy of a Tooth | |
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| Dental Development | |
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| Tooth Identification | |
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| To Which Tooth Category (Class) Does the Specimen Belong? | |
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| Incisors | |
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| Canines | |
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| Premolars | |
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| Molars | |
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| Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous? | |
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| Diagnostic Criteria | |
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| Special Cases | |
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| Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower? | |
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| Upper versus Lower Incisors | |
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| Upper versus Lower Canines | |
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| Upper versus Lower Premolars | |
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| Upper versus Lower Molars | |
| |
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| Where in the Arch Is the Tooth Located? | |
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| Upper Incisors: I[superscript 1] versus I[superscript 2] | |
| |
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| Lower Incisors: I[subscript 1] versus I[subscript 2] | |
| |
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| Upper Premolars: P[superscript 3] versus P[superscript 4] | |
| |
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| Lower Premolars: P[subscript 3] versus P[subscript 4] | |
| |
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| Upper Molars: M[superscript 1] versus M[superscript 2] versus M[superscript 3] | |
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| Lower Molars: M[subscript 1] versus M[subscript 2] versus M[subscript 3] | |
| |
| |
| Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side? | |
| |
| |
| Upper Incisors | |
| |
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| Lower Incisors | |
| |
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| Upper Canines | |
| |
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| Lower Canines | |
| |
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| Upper Premolars | |
| |
| |
| Lower Premolars | |
| |
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| Upper Molars | |
| |
| |
| Lower Molars | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
| |
| Hyoid and Vertebrae | |
| |
| |
| Hyoid | |
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| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
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| Growth | |
| |
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| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| General Characteristics of Vertebrae | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Cervical Vertebrae (n=7) | |
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| |
| Identification | |
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| Special Cervical Vertebrae | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Thoracic Vertebrae (n=12) | |
| |
| |
| Identification | |
| |
| |
| Special Thoracic Vertebrae | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Lumbar Vertebrae (n=5) | |
| |
| |
| Identification | |
| |
| |
| Identifying Lumbar Position | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
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| |
| Functional Aspects of the Vertebrae | |
| |
| |
| Thorax: Sternum and Ribs | |
| |
| |
| Sternum | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Ribs | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Special Ribs | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Functional Aspects of the Thoracic Skeleton | |
| |
| |
| Shoulder Girdle: Clavicle and Scapula | |
| |
| |
| Clavicle | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Scapula | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Functional Aspects of the Shoulder Girdle | |
| |
| |
| Arm: Humerus, Radius, and Ulna | |
| |
| |
| Humerus | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Radius | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Ulna | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Functional Aspects of the Elbow and Wrist | |
| |
| |
| Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Carpals | |
| |
| |
| Scaphoid | |
| |
| |
| Lunate | |
| |
| |
| Triquetral | |
| |
| |
| Pisiform | |
| |
| |
| Trapezium (Greater Multangular) | |
| |
| |
| Trapezoid (Lesser Multangular) | |
| |
| |
| Capitate | |
| |
| |
| Hamate | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Metacarpals | |
| |
| |
| First Metacarpal (Thumb) | |
| |
| |
| Second Metacarpal | |
| |
| |
| Third Metacarpal | |
| |
| |
| Fourth Metacarpal | |
| |
| |
| Fifth Metacarpal | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Hand Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Proximal Hand Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Intermediate Hand Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Distal Hand Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Functional Aspects of the Hand | |
| |
| |
| Pelvic Girdle: Sacrum, Coccyx, and Os Coxae | |
| |
| |
| Sacrum | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Coccyx | |
| |
| |
| Os Coxae | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Functional Aspects of the Pelvic Girdle | |
| |
| |
| Leg: Femur, Patella, Tibia, and Fibula | |
| |
| |
| Femur | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Patella | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Tibia | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Fibula | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Functional Aspects of the Knee and Ankle | |
| |
| |
| Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Tarsals | |
| |
| |
| Talus | |
| |
| |
| Calcaneus | |
| |
| |
| Cuboid | |
| |
| |
| Navicular | |
| |
| |
| Medial (First) Cuneiform | |
| |
| |
| Intermediate (Second) Cuneiform | |
| |
| |
| Lateral (Third) Cuneiform | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Metatarsals | |
| |
| |
| First Metatarsal | |
| |
| |
| Second Metatarsal | |
| |
| |
| Third Metatarsal | |
| |
| |
| Fourth Metatarsal | |
| |
| |
| Fifth Metatarsal | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Foot Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Proximal Foot Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Intermediate Foot Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Distal Foot Phalanges | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Possible Confusion | |
| |
| |
| Siding | |
| |
| |
| Functional Aspects of the Foot | |
| |
| |
| Recovery, Preparation, and Curation of Skeletal Remains | |
| |
| |
| Search | |
| |
| |
| Discovery | |
| |
| |
| Excavation and Retrieval | |
| |
| |
| Transport | |
| |
| |
| Sorting | |
| |
| |
| Preparation | |
| |
| |
| Preservation | |
| |
| |
| Restoration | |
| |
| |
| Molding and Casting | |
| |
| |
| Curation | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
| |
| Analysis and Reporting of Skeletal Remains | |
| |
| |
| Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Setting | |
| |
| |
| Metric Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Photography | |
| |
| |
| Equipment | |
| |
| |
| Film and Exposure | |
| |
| |
| Lighting and Setup | |
| |
| |
| Radiography | |
| |
| |
| Microscopy | |
| |
| |
| Computing | |
| |
| |
| Reporting | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
| |
| Ethics in Osteology | |
| |
| |
| Ethics in Forensic Osteology | |
| |
| |
| Boundaries of Evidence | |
| |
| |
| The Expert Witness | |
| |
| |
| Ethics in Archeological Osteology | |
| |
| |
| Ethics in Collision | |
| |
| |
| NAGPRA and Its Effects | |
| |
| |
| The Future | |
| |
| |
| Ethics in Human Paleontology | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
| |
| Assessment of Age, Sex, Stature, Ancestry, and Identity | |
| |
| |
| Accuracy and Precision of Estimation | |
| |
| |
| From Known to Unknown | |
| |
| |
| Estimation of Age | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Subadult Age from the Dentition | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Adult Age from the Dentition | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Adult Age from Cranial Suture Closure | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Subadult Age from Long-Bone Length | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Subadult Age from Epiphyseal Closure | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Adult Age from the Public Symphysis Surface | |
| |
| |
| Parturition Changes at the Public Symphysis | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Adult Age from the Ilium's Auricular Surface | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Adult Age from the Sternal Rib End | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Adult Age by Radiographic Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Adult Age by Using Bone Microstructure | |
| |
| |
| Multifactorial Age Estimation | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Sex | |
| |
| |
| Sexing the Skull and Dentition | |
| |
| |
| Sexing the Postcranial Skeleton | |
| |
| |
| Estimation of Stature | |
| |
| |
| Estimation of Ancestry | |
| |
| |
| Identifying the Individual | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
| |
| Osteological and Dental Pathology | |
| |
| |
| Trauma | |
| |
| |
| Fracture | |
| |
| |
| Dislocation | |
| |
| |
| Artificial Deformation | |
| |
| |
| Trephination and Amputation | |
| |
| |
| Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations | |
| |
| |
| Osteomyelitis | |
| |
| |
| Periostitis | |
| |
| |
| Tuberculosis | |
| |
| |
| Treponemal Infections | |
| |
| |
| Circulatory Disturbances and Hematopoietic Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Metabolic and Hormonal Imbalance | |
| |
| |
| Scurvy | |
| |
| |
| Rickets | |
| |
| |
| Osteoporosis | |
| |
| |
| Endocrine Disturbances and Dysplasias | |
| |
| |
| Tumors | |
| |
| |
| Arthritis | |
| |
| |
| Osteoarthritis | |
| |
| |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
| |
| |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | |
| |
| |
| Dental Pathology | |
| |
| |
| Caries | |
| |
| |
| Dental Hypoplasia | |
| |
| |
| Periodontal Disease | |
| |
| |
| Dental Calculus | |
| |
| |
| Artificial Dental Modification | |
| |
| |
| Occupation | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
| |
| Postmortem Skeletal Modification | |
| |
| |
| Bone Fracture | |
| |
| |
| Bone Modification by Physical Agents | |
| |
| |
| Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Rock, Earth, and Ice | |
| |
| |
| Abrasion | |
| |
| |
| Fire | |
| |
| |
| Bone Modification by Nonhuman Biological Agents | |
| |
| |
| Nonhuman Animal | |
| |
| |
| Plant | |
| |
| |
| Bone Modification by Humans | |
| |
| |
| Cutmarks, Chopmarks, and Scrapemarks | |
| |
| |
| Percussion Marks | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
| |
| The Biology of Skeletal Populations: Discrete Traits, Distance, Diet, Disease, and Demography | |
| |
| |
| Discrete Traits | |
| |
| |
| Dental Nonmetric Variation | |
| |
| |
| Cranial Nonmetric Variation | |
| |
| |
| Postcranial Nonmetric Variation | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Biological Distance | |
| |
| |
| Diet | |
| |
| |
| Disease and Demography | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Osteology | |
| |
| |
| Sampling | |
| |
| |
| DNA | |
| |
| |
| PCR and Methodology | |
| |
| |
| Contamination | |
| |
| |
| Taphonomy of DNA | |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| Amino Acids | |
| |
| |
| Isotopic Osteology | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Further Readings | |
| |
| |
| Forensic Case Study: Homicide: "We Have the Witnesses but No Body" | |
| |
| |
| A Disappearance in Cleveland | |
| |
| |
| Investigation | |
| |
| |
| Inventory | |
| |
| |
| Identification | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Forensic Case Study: Child Abuse, the Skeletal Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Child Abuse and the Skeleton | |
| |
| |
| A Missing Child Found | |
| |
| |
| The Analysis | |
| |
| |
| The Result | |
| |
| |
| Archeological Case Study: The Bioarcheology of the Stillwater Marsh, Nevada | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| Geography of the Carson Sink | |
| |
| |
| Exposure and Recovery | |
| |
| |
| Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Affinity | |
| |
| |
| Osteoarthritis | |
| |
| |
| Limb Shaft Cross-Sectional Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Physiological Stress | |
| |
| |
| Dietary Reconstruction | |
| |
| |
| The Future | |
| |
| |
| Archeological Case Study: Anasazi Remains from Cottonwood Canyon | |
| |
| |
| Cannibalism and Archeology | |
| |
| |
| Cottonwood Canyon Site 42SA12209 | |
| |
| |
| Discovery | |
| |
| |
| Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Patterns of Damage | |
| |
| |
| Sorting and Refitting | |
| |
| |
| Minimum Number, Age, and Sex of the Individuals | |
| |
| |
| What Happened? The Osteological Contribution | |
| |
| |
| Paleontological Case Study: The Pit of the Bones | |
| |
| |
| Atapuerca | |
| |
| |
| Discovery | |
| |
| |
| Recovery | |
| |
| |
| Paleodemography | |
| |
| |
| Paleopathology | |
| |
| |
| Functional and Phylogenetic Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Continuing Mysteries | |
| |
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| Paleontological Case Study: Australopithecus Mandible from Maka, Ethiopia | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| The Geography and Geology of Maka | |
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| Search and Discovery | |
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| Collection | |
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| Restoration | |
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| Photography and Casting | |
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| Analysis | |
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| Publication | |
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| Photographic Methods and Provenance | |
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| Methods | |
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| Preparation of the Bone | |
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| Equipment | |
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| Lighting and Staging | |
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| Film and Development | |
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| Provenance | |
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| Chapter 2 | |
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| Chapter 4 | |
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| Chapter 5 | |
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| Chapters 6-13 | |
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| Chapter 17 | |
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| Chapter 18 | |
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| Chapter 19 | |
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| Chapter 20 | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |