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| Introduction | |
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| History of the First Edition | |
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| History of the Second Edition | |
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| Objectives of the Second Edition | |
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| Format of the Book | |
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| Acknowledgments for the First Edition | |
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| Acknowledgments for the Second Edition | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| A Brief History of Paleopathology | |
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| Research in Paleopathology at the Smithsonian Institution | |
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| The Biology of Skeletal Tissues | |
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| Cellular Biology of Bone and Cartilage | |
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| Bone Cells | |
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| Cartilage Cells | |
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| Types of Cartilage | |
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| Growth and Development of Bone | |
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| Modeling of Skeletal Tissue | |
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| Types of Bone Tissue | |
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| Remodeling of Skeletal Tissue | |
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| Microscopic Bone Remodeling | |
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| Activation | |
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| Resorption | |
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| Reversal | |
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| Formation | |
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| Quiescence | |
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| Osteon Remodeling | |
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| Bone Biochemistry and Mineral Homeostasis | |
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| Growth and Development of the Spine | |
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| Growth and Development of Teeth | |
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| Vascular Conditions That Affect Bone Formation and Destruction | |
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| Background Data in Paleopathology | |
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| Data Basic to Paleopathological Analysis | |
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| Age Determination | |
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| Ethnic Determination | |
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| Sex Determination | |
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| Stature Determination | |
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| Demographic Analysis | |
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| Archeological Excavation and Documentation | |
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| Methods Used in the Analysis of Skeletal Lesions | |
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| Gross Study of Skeletal Lesions | |
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| Distribution of Lesions within the Skeleton | |
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| Types of Bone Abnormalities | |
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| Types of Abnormalities Associated with Joints | |
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| Radiological Study of Skeletal Lesions | |
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| Microscopic Study of Skeletal Lesions | |
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| Recent Advances in Bone, Dentin, and Enamel Biochemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mineralized Tissue Cell Biology | |
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| The Mineral of Bone, Dentin, and Enamel | |
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| Paleopathological Considerations | |
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| The Collagens of Bones and Teeth | |
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| Paleopathological Considerations | |
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| The Noncollagenous Proteins of Bones and Teeth | |
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| Paleopathological Considerations | |
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| Growth, Turnover, and Aging | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Light Microscopic Analysis in Skeletal Paleopathology | |
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| The Need for Microscopic Analysis | |
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| Materials and Methods | |
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| Postmortem Changes | |
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| General Comments on Proliferative Reactions | |
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| Periosteal Reactions on Long Bones | |
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| Polsters | |
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| Grenzstreifen | |
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| Meningeal Reactions | |
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| Fracture of Skull Vault and Concomitant Phenomena | |
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| Primary Inflammatory Processes of the Pericranium and Skull Vault | |
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| Porotic Hyperostosis | |
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| Pseudopathology | |
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| Conclusions and Summary | |
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| Theoretical Issues in Paleopathology | |
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| Evolutionary Dynamics in The Human Response to Disease | |
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| Scientific Nature of Paleopathology | |
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| Diagnostic Issues in Paleopathology | |
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| Inferences about the Health Status of a Population Based on Evidence of Skeletal Disease | |
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| Limitations of Skeletal Evidence of Disease | |
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| Female Immune Reactivity and Maternal Mortality | |
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| Gender As a Factor in Malnutrition and Morbidity | |
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| Hypothetical Models of Male and Female Immune Reactivity | |
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| Male/Female Ratios in Infectious Disease | |
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| Implications for Interpreting Evidence of Disease in Archeological Human Skeletons | |
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| Implications for Research in Paleopathology | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Trauma | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fracture | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Dislocation | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Deformation | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Scalping | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Mutilation | |
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| Trephination | |
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| History | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Traumatic Problems Arising from Pregnancy | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Sincipital-T Mutilation | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Infectious Diseases: Introduction, Biology, Osteomyelitis, Periostitis, Brucellosis, Glanders, and Septic Arthritis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Humoral Versus Cellular Responses to Infectious Agents | |
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| Vascular Changes in Response to Infectious Agents | |
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| The Biology of Infection | |
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| Osteomyelitis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Hematogenous Osteomyelitis | |
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| Changes in Individual Bones | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| The Skull | |
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| Postcranial Osteomyelitis | |
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| Periostitis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Brucellosis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Glanders | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Septic Arthritis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Infectious Diseases: Tuberculosis and Leprosy | |
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| Tuberculosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Leprosy | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Infectious Diseases: Treponematosis and Other Bacterial Infectious Diseases | |
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| Treponematosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Leishmaniasis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Mycetoma (Maduromycosis) | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Infectious Diseases: Mycotic, Viral, and Multicelled Parasitic Diseases of the Human Skeleton | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mycosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Viral Infections | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Smallpox (Variola) | |
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| Rubella | |
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| Multicelled Parasitic Infections--Echinococcosis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Sarcoidosis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Circulatory Disturbances | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Blood Supply of Bones | |
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| Osteonecrosis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Necrosis of the Femoral Head | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease and Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Other Disorders Associated with Osteonecrosis | |
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| Kohler's Diseases of the Tarsal Navicular Bone | |
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| Freiberg's Disease of a Metatarsal Head | |
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| Kienbock's Disease of the Carpal Lunate Bone | |
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| Other Diseases Associated with Trauma and Vascular Deficiency | |
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| Osteochondritis Dissecans | |
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| Osgood-Schlatter Disease of the Tibial Tubercle | |
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| Hypertrophic (Pulmonary) Osteoarthropathy | |
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| Aneurysmal Erosion | |
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| Reticuloendothelial and Hematopoietic Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Reticuloendothelial Diseases | |
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| Lipid Storage Diseases | |
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| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X) | |
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| Hematopoietic Diseases | |
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| Anemias | |
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| Leukemia | |
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| Myeloma | |
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| Metabolic Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Vitamin C Deficiency | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Rickets and Osteomalacia | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Hypophosphatasia | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Starvation | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Fluorosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Osteopenia | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Localized Hyperostosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Generalized Hyperostosis with Pachydermia | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Endocrine Disturbances | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pituitary Disturbances | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Other Endocrine Disturbances | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Miscellaneous Bone Diseases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Paget's Disease | |
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| Paget's Disease | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Fibrous Dysplasia | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Neurofibromatosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Myositis Ossificans Progressiva | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Congenital and Neuromechanical Abnormalities of the Skeleton | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Skull | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Spine | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Ribs and Sternum | |
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| Pathology and Paleopathology | |
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| Pelvis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Extremities | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Skeletal Dysplasias and Related Diseases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defects in Endochondral Bone Formation | |
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| Achondroplasia | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Mucopolysaccharidosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Defects in Intramembranous Bone Formation | |
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| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Cleidocranial Dysostosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Osteopetrosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Pyknodysostosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Metaphyseal Dysplasia (Pyle's Disease) | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Diaphyseal Sclerosis (Camurati-Engelmann's Disease) | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Melorheostosis (Leri's Disease) | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Osteopoikilosis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Osteopathia Striata | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Bone | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Primary Benign Tumors | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Primary Malignant Bone Tumors | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Metastatic Tumors | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Osteoarthritis and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Osteoarthritis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (Dish) | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Erosive Arthropathies, Enthesopathies, and Miscellaneous Pathological Conditions of Joints | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Paleopathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Juvenile Chronic Arthritis | |
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| Spondyloarthropathy | |
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| General Pathology | |
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| Ankylosing Spondylitis (Marie-Strumpell's Disease) | |
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| Psoriatic Arthritis | |
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| Spondyloarthropathies Associated with Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract | |
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| Other Erosive Arthropathies | |
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| Gout | |
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| Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria) | |
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| Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot's Joint) | |
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| Dental Disease and Miscellaneous Pathological Conditions of Jaws | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dental Disease | |
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| Dental Caries | |
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| Gingivitis and Periodontitis | |
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| Disturbances in Dental Development | |
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| Dental Trauma | |
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| Dental Attrition | |
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| Dental Discoloration | |
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| Miscellaneous Pathological Conditions of Jaws | |
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| Pathology | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Index | |