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| Preface | |
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| Fundamentals of Radiation for Atmospheric Applications | |
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| Concepts, Definitions, and Units | |
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| Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Solid Angle | |
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| Basic Radiometric Quantities | |
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| Concepts of Scattering and Absorption | |
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| Blackbody Radiation Laws | |
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| Planck's Law | |
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| Stefan-Boltzmann Law | |
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| Wien's Displacement Law | |
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| Kirchhoff's Law | |
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| Absorption Line Formation and Line Shape | |
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| Line Formation | |
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| Bohr's Model | |
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| Vibrational and Rotational Transitions | |
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| Line Broadening | |
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| Pressure Broadening | |
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| Doppler Broadening | |
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| Voigt Profile | |
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| Breakdown of Thermodynamic Equilibrium | |
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| Introduction to Radiative Transfer | |
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| The Equation of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law | |
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| Schwarzschild's Equation and Its Solution | |
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| The Equation of Radiative Transfer for Plane-Parallel Atmospheres | |
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| Radiative Transfer Equations for Three-Dimensional Inhomogeneous Media | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Solar Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere | |
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| The Sun as an Energy Source | |
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| The Structure of the Sun | |
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| Solar Surface Activity: Sunspots | |
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| The Earth's Orbit about the Sun and Solar Insolation | |
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| Orbital Geometry | |
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| Definition of the Solar Constant | |
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| Distribution of Solar Insolation | |
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| Solar Spectrum and Solar Constant Determination | |
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| Solar Spectrum | |
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| Determination of the Solar Constant: Ground-Based Method | |
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| Satellite Measurements of the Solar Constant | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Absorption and Scattering of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere | |
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| Composition and Structure of the Earth's Atmosphere | |
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| Thermal Structure | |
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| Chemical Composition | |
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| Atmospheric Absorption | |
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| Absorption in the Ultraviolet | |
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| Molecular Nitrogen | |
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| Molecular Oxygen | |
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| Ozone | |
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| Other Minor Gases | |
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| Absorption of Solar Radiation | |
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| Photochemical Processes and the Formation of Ozone Layers | |
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| Absorption in the Visible and Near Infrared | |
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| Molecular Oxygen and Ozone | |
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| Water Vapor | |
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| Carbon Dioxide | |
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| Other Minor Gases | |
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| Transfer of Direct Solar Flux in the Atmosphere | |
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| Atmospheric Scattering | |
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| Rayleigh Scattering | |
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| Theoretical Development | |
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| Phase Function, Scattering Cross Section, and Polarizability | |
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| Blue Sky and Sky Polarization | |
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| Light Scattering by Particulates: Approximations | |
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| Lorenz-Mie Scattering | |
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| Geometric Optics | |
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| Anomalous Diffraction Theory | |
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| Multiple Scattering and Absorption in Planetary Atmospheres | |
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| Fundamentals of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Approximations of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Single-Scattering Approximation | |
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| Diffusion Approximation | |
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| Atmospheric Solar Heating Rates | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Thermal Infrared Radiation Transfer in the Atmosphere | |
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| The Thermal Infrared Spectrum and the Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Absorption and Emission in the Atmosphere | |
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| Absorption in the Thermal Infrared | |
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| Water Vapor | |
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| Carbon Dioxide | |
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| Ozone | |
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| Methane | |
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| Nitrous Oxide | |
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| Chlorofluorocarbons | |
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| Fundamentals of Thermal Infrared Radiative Transfer | |
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| Line-by-Line (LBL) Integration | |
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| Correlated K-Distribution Method for Infrared Radiative Transfer | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Application to Nonhomogeneous Atmospheres | |
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| Numerical Procedures and Pertinent Results | |
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| Line Overlap Consideration | |
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| Band Models | |
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| A Single Line | |
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| Regular Band Model | |
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| Statistical Band Model | |
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| Application to Nonhomogeneous Atmospheres | |
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| Broadband Approaches to Flux Computations | |
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| Broadband Emissivity | |
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| Newtonian Cooling Approximation | |
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| Infrared Radiative Transfer in Cloudy Atmospheres | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Exchange of Infrared Radiation between Cloud and Surface | |
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| Two/Four-Stream Approximation | |
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| Atmospheric Infrared Cooling Rates | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Light Scattering by Atmospheric Particulates | |
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| Morphology of Atmospheric Particulates | |
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| Lorenz-Mie Theory of Light Scattering by Spherical Particles | |
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| Electromagnetic Wave Equation and Solution | |
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| Formal Scattering Solution | |
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| The Far-Field Solution and Extinction Parameters | |
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| Scattering Phase Matrix for Spherical Particles | |
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| Geometric Optics | |
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| Diffraction | |
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| Geometric Reflection and Refraction | |
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| Geometric Optics, Lorenz-Mie Theory, and Representative Results | |
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| Light Scattering by Ice Crystals: A Unified Theory | |
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| Geometric Optics for Ice Crystals | |
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| Conventional Approach | |
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| Improved Geometric Optics Approach | |
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| Absorption Effects in Geometric Optics | |
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| Monte Carlo Method for Ray Tracing | |
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| Introduction to the Finite-Difference Time Domain Method | |
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| Scattering Phase Matrix for Nonspherical Ice Particles | |
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| Presentation of a Unified Theory for Light Scattering by Ice Crystals | |
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| The Essence of the Unified Theory | |
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| Theory versus Measurement and Representative Results | |
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| Light Scattering by Nonspherical Aerosols | |
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| Finite-Difference Time Domain Method | |
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| T-Matrix Method | |
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| Note on Light-Scattering Measurements for Nonspherical Aerosols | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Principles of Radiative Transfer in Planetary Atmospheres | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Brief History of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Basic Equations for the Plane-Parallel Condition | |
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| Discrete-Ordinates Method for Radiative Transfer | |
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| General Solution for Isotropic Scattering | |
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| The Law of Diffuse Reflection for Semi-infinite Isotropic Scattering Atmospheres | |
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| General Solution for Anisotropic Scattering | |
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| Application to Nonhomogeneous Atmospheres | |
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| Principles of Invariance | |
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| Definitions of Scattering Parameters | |
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| Principles of Invariance for Semi-infinite Atmospheres | |
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| Principles of Invariance for Finite Atmospheres | |
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| The X and Y Functions | |
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| Inclusion of Surface Reflection | |
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| Adding Method for Radiative Transfer | |
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| Definitions of Physical Parameters | |
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| Adding Equations | |
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| Equivalence of the Adding Method and the Principles of Invariance | |
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| Extension to Nonhomogeneous Atmospheres for Internal Fields | |
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| Similarity between the Adding and Discrete-Ordinates Methods | |
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| Approximations for Radiative Transfer | |
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| Successive-Orders-of-Scattering Approximation | |
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| Two-Stream and Eddington's Approximations | |
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| Delta-Function Adjustment and Similarity Principle | |
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| Four-Stream Approximation | |
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| Radiative Transfer Including Polarization | |
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| Representation of a Light Beam | |
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| Formulation | |
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| Advanced Topics in Radiative Transfer | |
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| Horizontally Oriented Ice Particles | |
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| Three-Dimensional Nonhomogeneous Clouds | |
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| Monte Carlo Method | |
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| Successive-Orders-of-Scattering (SOS) Approach | |
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| Delta Four-Term (Diffusion) Approximation | |
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| Spherical Atmospheres | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Application of Radiative Transfer Principles to Remote Sensing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Remote Sensing Using Transmitted Sunlight | |
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| Determination of Aerosol Optical Depth and Size Distribution | |
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| Direct Linear Inversion | |
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| Constrained Linear Inversion | |
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| Determination of Total Ozone Concentration | |
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| Limb Extinction Technique | |
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| Remote Sensing Using Reflected Sunlight | |
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| Satellite-Sun Geometry and Theoretical Foundation | |
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| Satellite Remote Sensing of Ozone | |
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| Satellite Remote Sensing of Aerosols | |
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| Satellite Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces | |
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| Cloud Optical Depth and Particle Size | |
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| Bidirectional Reflectance | |
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| Polarization | |
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| Reflected Line Spectrum | |
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| Remote Sensing Using Emitted Infrared Radiation | |
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| Theoretical Foundation | |
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| Surface Temperature Determination | |
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| Remote Sensing of Temperature Profiles | |
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| Nonlinear Iteration Method | |
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| Minimum Variance Method: Hybrid Retrieval | |
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| Cloud Removal | |
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| Remote Sensing of Water Vapor and Trace Gas Profiles | |
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| Water Vapor from the 6.3 [mu]m Vibrational-Rotational Band | |
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| Limb Scanning Technique | |
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| Infrared Remote Sensing of Clouds | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Slicing Technique for Cloud Top Pressure and Emissivity | |
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| Emitted Radiance for Cloud Cover | |
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| Retrieval of Cirrus Cloud Optical Depth and Temperature | |
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| Information Content in Infrared Line Spectrum | |
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| Remote Sensing of Infrared Cooling Rate and Surface Flux | |
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| Remote Sensing Using Emitted Microwave Radiation | |
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| Microwave Spectrum and Microwave Radiative Transfer | |
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| Rainfall Rate and Water Vapor Determination from Microwave Emission | |
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| Temperature Retrieval from Microwave Sounders | |
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| Remote Sensing Using Laser and Microwave Energy | |
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| Backscattering Equation: Theoretical Foundation | |
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| Lidar Differential Absorption and Depolarization Techniques | |
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| Differential Absorption Technique | |
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| Principle of Depolarization | |
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| Millimeter-Wave Radar for Cloud Study | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Radiation and Climate | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radiation Budget of the Earth-Atmosphere System | |
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| Observational Considerations | |
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| Black and White Sensors Based on Radiative Equilibrium | |
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| Scanning Radiometer and Angular Models | |
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| Radiation Budget Viewed from Space | |
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| Cloud Radiative Forcing Derived from ERB Data | |
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| Radiative Heating/Cooling Rates of the Atmosphere | |
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| Radiation Budget at the Surface | |
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| Radiative and Convective Atmospheres | |
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| Radiative Equilibrium | |
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| A Global Model | |
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| A Vertical Model | |
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| Radiative and Convective Equilibrium | |
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| Heat Budget of the Earth-Atmosphere System | |
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| Convective Adjustment | |
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| Radiation in One-Dimensional Climate Models | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effects | |
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| Ozone and Other Greenhouse Gases | |
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| Ozone | |
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| Methane | |
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| Nitrous Oxide | |
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| Halocarbons | |
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| Radiation Feedback Consideration | |
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| Aerosols and Radiation | |
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| Cloud Radiative Forcing | |
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| Cloud Position and Cover | |
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| Cloud Microphysics | |
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| Aerosols/Clouds and Precipitation | |
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| Radiation in Energy Balance Climate Models | |
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| Energy Budget of the Atmosphere and the Surface | |
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| Atmosphere and Oceans | |
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| Surface Energy Budget | |
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| Radiative Forcing in Energy Balance Climate Models | |
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| Linear Heating Approach | |
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| Diffusion Approach | |
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| Solar Insolation Perturbation | |
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| Radiation in Global Climate Models | |
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| An Introduction to General Circulation Modeling | |
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| Cloud Radiative Forcing in Global Climate Models | |
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| Internal Radiative Forcing | |
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| Greenhouse Warming and Cloud Cover Feedback | |
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| Greenhouse Warming and Cloud Liquid/Ice Water Content Feedback | |
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| Cloud Particle Size Feedback | |
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| Direct Radiative Forcing: Aerosols and Contrails | |
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| Aerosols | |
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| Contrails | |
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| Radiation in El Nino-Southern Oscillation | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Derivation of the Planck Function | |
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| The Schrodinger Wave Equation | |
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| Spherical Geometry | |
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| Complex Index of Refraction, Dispersion of Light, and Lorentz-Lorenz Formula | |
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| Properties of the Legendre Polynomials and Addition Theorem | |
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| Some Useful Constants | |
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| Standard Atmospheric Profiles | |
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| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| Previous Volumes in International Geophysics Series | |