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Preface | |
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Contents | |
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Units and conversion factors | |
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Introduction | |
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Possible role of fuel cells and hydrogen | |
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Hydrogen | |
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Production of hydrogen | |
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Steam reforming | |
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Partial oxidation, autothermal and dry reforming | |
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Water electrolysis: reverse fuel cell operation | |
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Gasification and woody biomass conversion | |
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Biological hydrogen production | |
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Photosynthesis, Bio-hydrogen production pathways, Hydrogen production by purple bacteria, Fermentation and other processes in the dark, Industrial-scale production of bio-hydrogen | |
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Photodissociation | |
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Direct thermal or catalytic splitting of water | |
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Issues related to scale of production | |
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Centralised hydrogen production | |
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Distributed hydrogen production | |
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Vehicle on-board fuel reforming | |
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Production of methanol, Methanol-to-hydrogen conversion | |
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Hydrogen conversion overview | |
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Uses as an energy carrier | |
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Uses, as an energy storage medium | |
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Combustion uses | |
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Stationary fuel cell uses | |
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Fuel cell uses for transportation | |
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Direct uses | |
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Hydrogen storage options | |
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Compressed gas storage | |
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Liquid hydrogen storage | |
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Hydride storage | |
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Chemical thermodynamics, Metal hydrides, Complex hydrides, Modelling metal hydrides Cryo-adsorbed gas storage in carbon materials | |
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Other chemical storage options | |
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Comparing storage options | |
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Hydrogen transmission | |
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Container transport | |
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Pipeline transport | |
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Problems and discussion topics | |
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Fuel cells | |
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Basic concepts | |
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Electrochemistry and thermodynamics of fuel cells | |
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Electrochemical device definitions, Fuel cells | |
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Modelling aspects | |
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Quantum chemistry approaches | |
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Hartree-Fock approximation, Basis sets and molecular orbitals, Higher interactions and excited states: M�ller-Plesset perturbation theory or density function phenome-nological approach ? | |
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Application to water splitting or fuel cell performance at a metal surface | |
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Flow and diffusion modelling | |
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The temperature factor | |
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Molten carbonate cells | |
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Solid oxide cells | |
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Acid and alkaline cells | |
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Proton exchange membrane cells | |
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Current collectors and gas delivery system | |
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Gas diffusion layers | |
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Membrane layer | |
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Catalyst action | |
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Overall performance | |
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High-temperature and reverse operation | |
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Degradation and lifetime | |
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Direct methanol and other non-hydrogen cells | |
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Biofuel cells | |
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Problems and discussion topics | |
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Systems | |
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Passenger cars | |
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Overall system options for passenger cars | |
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PEM fuel cell cars | |
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Performance simulation | |
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Other road vehicles | |
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Ships, trains and airplanes | |
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Power plants and stand-alone systems | |
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Building-integrated systems | |
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Portable and other small-scale systems | |
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Problems and discussion topics | |
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Implementation scenarios | |
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Infrastructure requirements | |
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Storage infrastructure | |
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Transmission infrastructure | |
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Local distribution | |
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Filling stations | |
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Building-integrated concepts | |
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Safety and norm issues | |
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Safety concerns | |
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Safety requirements | |
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National and international standards | |
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Scenarios based on fossil energy | |
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Scenario techniques and demand modelling | |
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Global clean fossil scenario | |
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Clean fossil technologies, Fossil resource considerations, The fossil scenario, Evaluation of the clean fossil scenario | |
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Scenarios based on nuclear energy | |
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History and present concerns | |
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Safe nuclear technologies | |
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Inherently safe designs, Technical details of energy amplifier, Nuclear resources assessment, Safe nuclear scenario construction, Evaluation of the safe nuclear scenario | |
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Scenarios based on renewable energy | |
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Global renewable energy scenarios | |
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Detailed national renewable energy scenario | |
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Danish energy demand in 2050, Available renewable resources, Construction of 2050 scenarios for Denmark, Centralised scenario, Decentralised scenario, Assessment of renewable energy scenarios | |
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New regional scenarios | |
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Problems and discussion topics | |
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Social implications | |
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Cost expectations | |
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Hydrogen production costs | |
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Fuel cell costs | |
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Hydrogen storage costs | |
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Infrastructure costs | |
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System costs | |
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Life-cycle analysis of environmental and social impacts 372 | |
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Purpose and methodology of life-cycle analysis | |
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Life-cycle analysis of hydrogen production | |
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Conventional production by steam reforming, Production by electrolysis, Direct bio-production of hydrogen from cyanobacteria or algae, Impacts from use of genetically engineered organisms, Hydrogen from fermentation of biomass | |
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Life-cycle analysis of fuel cells | |
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SOFCs and MCFCs, PEM fuel cells | |
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Life-cycle comparison of conventional passenger car and passenger car with fuel cells | |
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Environmental impact analysis, Social and economic impact analysis, Overall assessment | |
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Life-cycle assessment of other vehicles for transportation | |
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Life-cycle assessment of hydrogen storage and infrastructure | |
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Life-cycle assessment of hydrogen systems | |
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Uncertainties | |
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Problems and discussion topics | |
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Conclusion: a conditional outcome | |
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Opportunities | |
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Obstacles | |
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The competition | |
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The way forward | |
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Hydrogen storage in renewable energy systems | |
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Fuel cell vehicles | |
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Building-integrated fuel cells | |
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Fuel cells in portable equipment | |
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Fuel cells in centralised power production | |
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Efficiency considerations | |
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How much time do we have? | |
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The end, and a beginning | |
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References | |
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Index | |