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Contributors | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Strengthening Fire Ecology's Roots | |
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Introduction | |
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Processes | |
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Transfer Rates and Budgets | |
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Examples of Traditional vs. Proposed Approach | |
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References | |
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Flames | |
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Introduction | |
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Basic Aspects of Combustion in Forest Fires | |
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Temperature, Velocity, Species Concentration, and Flame Height | |
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Premixed and Diffusion Flames | |
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Extinction of Diffusion Flames | |
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Diffusion Flames and Scaling Analysis | |
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Spreading Flames | |
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Structure of Flame Base | |
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Conclusions | |
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Notation | |
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References | |
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Combustion Chemistry and Smoke | |
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Introduction | |
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Fuel Chemistry and Combustion | |
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Smoke Production | |
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Minimizing Smoke Production | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Water Relations of Forest Fuels | |
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Introduction | |
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Forest Fuels | |
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Fuel Moisture Relationships | |
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Moisture Content Estimation | |
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Notation | |
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Additional Reading | |
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References | |
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Wildland Fire Spread Models | |
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Introduction | |
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Head Fire Rate of Spread (Physical Principles and Their Mathematical Embodiment) | |
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Head Fire Rate of Spread: Australia | |
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Head Fire Rate of Spread: United States | |
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Head Fire Rate of Spread: Canada | |
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Smoldering | |
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Whole Fire Modeling--Fire Shape | |
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Notation | |
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References | |
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Wind-Aided Fire Spread | |
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Introduction | |
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Laboratory-Scale Setup | |
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Fire Spread Model | |
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Preliminary Testing of the Model | |
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Test Results for the Effect of Wind Speed and Fuel Loading on the Rate of Fire Spread | |
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Conclusions | |
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Notation | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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References | |
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Fire Plumes | |
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Introduction | |
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Modeling Fire Temperature Maxima | |
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Plumes above Fires in a Cross Wind | |
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Notation | |
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References | |
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Coupling Atmospheric and Fire Models | |
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Introduction | |
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Vorticity Dynamics in a Fire | |
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Coupling between Atmosphere and Fire | |
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The Elements of Fire Modeling | |
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Modeling the Atmosphere | |
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The Coupled Fire--Atmosphere Modeling Approach | |
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Idealized Studies of Wildfire Behavior | |
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Infrared Observations of Fires | |
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Conclusions and Future Work | |
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Circulation and Vorticity | |
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Development of Vertical Rotation in a Frictionless Fluid | |
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Generation of Vertical Motion in Rotating Convective Cells | |
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Notation | |
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References | |
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Surface Energy Budget and Fuel Moisture | |
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Introduction | |
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Evapotranspiration Processes and the Meteorological Controlling Factors | |
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Estimation of Potential Evapotranspiration Rates | |
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Functional Dependence of PET and AET | |
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Characteristics of PET | |
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Near-Surface Environment | |
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Models of Land-Surface Interactions | |
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Remote Sensing of the Surface Energy Budget | |
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Fire Weather Rating Systems | |
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Notation | |
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Suggested Reading List | |
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References | |
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Climate, Weather, and Area Burned | |
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Introduction | |
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Weather and Area Burned--Synoptic Surface Features | |
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Weather and Area Burned--Upper Air Features | |
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Teleconnections | |
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Future Warming and Area Burned | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Lightning and Forest Fires | |
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Introduction | |
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Lightning | |
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Previous Studies of Lightning-Initiated Fire | |
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Interaction between Lightning and Fuels | |
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How Ignition Occurs | |
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Ignition Experiments with Real Forest Fuels | |
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Generating Models for Operational Use | |
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Smoke, Lightning, and Cloud Microphysics | |
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Global Implications of Lightning Ignition Characteristics | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Statistical Inference for Historical Fire Frequency Using the Spatial Mosaic | |
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Introduction | |
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Graphical Analysis | |
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Statistical Inference with Prespecified Change Points | |
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The Efficiency of Sample vs. Map Data | |
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Determining Epochs of Constant Fire Frequency | |
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References | |
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Duff Consumption | |
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Introduction | |
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Characteristics of Duff | |
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Empirical Studies of Duff Consumption | |
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Flaming Combustion | |
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Smoldering Combustion and Pyrolysis | |
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Models of Smoldering Combustion | |
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Contribution of Smoldering Combustion Models to Understanding of Duff Consumption | |
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Notation | |
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References | |
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Fire Effects on Trees | |
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Introduction | |
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Effects of Fire on the Tree Bole | |
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Effects of Fire on Canopy Components | |
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Root Necrosis | |
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Tree Mortality | |
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Discussion | |
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Notation | |
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Additional Readings | |
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References | |
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Forest Fire Management | |
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Introduction | |
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The Relationship between Fire and Forest Land Management Objectives | |
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Assessing Fire Impacts | |
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Forest Fire Management Organizations | |
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Level of Fire Protection Planning | |
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Some Challenges | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Index | |