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Foreword | |
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Preface | |
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Introduction to Sensory Evaluation | |
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Introduction and objective | |
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Historical background | |
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Development of sensory evaluation | |
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Defining sensory evaluation | |
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A physiological and psychological perspective | |
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The Organization and Operation of a Sensory Evaluation Program | |
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Introduction | |
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Organizing a sensory evaluation program | |
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Goals and objectives | |
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Program strategy | |
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Professional staff | |
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Facilities | |
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Test methods | |
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Selection of subjects | |
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Subject screening procedures | |
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Performance monitoring and motivation | |
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Requests and reports | |
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Operations manual | |
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Planning and research | |
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Strategic use of research vendors | |
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Conclusions | |
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Measurement | |
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Introduction | |
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Components of measurement: scales | |
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Nominal scales | |
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Ordinal scales | |
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Interval scales | |
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Ratio scales | |
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Selected measurement techniques | |
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Hedonic scale | |
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Face scales | |
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Labeled affective magnitude scale | |
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Just-about-right scale | |
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Other scales of interest | |
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Conclusion | |
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Test Strategy and the Design of Experiments | |
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Introduction | |
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Test request and objective | |
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Product criteria | |
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Psychological errors | |
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Error of central tendency | |
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Time-order error | |
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Error of expectation | |
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Error of habituation and of anticipation | |
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Stimulus error | |
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Logical error and leniency error | |
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Halo effect | |
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Proximity error | |
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Contrast and convergence errors | |
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Statistical considerations | |
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Reliability and validity | |
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Replication | |
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Independence and dependence of judgments | |
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Random selection of subjects | |
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Risk in the decision-making process: Type 1 and Type 2 errors | |
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Statistical measures | |
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Experimental design considerations | |
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Selected product designs | |
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Discrimination Testing | |
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Introduction | |
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Methods | |
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Paired-comparison test | |
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Duo-trio test | |
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Triangle test | |
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Other test methods | |
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Components of testing | |
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Organization and test management | |
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Test requests | |
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Test objectives | |
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Test procedures | |
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Data analysis and interpretation | |
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The just-noticeable difference | |
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Special problems | |
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Is there preference after difference? | |
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Magnitude of degree of difference | |
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Equivalency and similarity testing | |
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Description of difference | |
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Summary | |
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Descriptive Analysis | |
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Introduction | |
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Test methods | |
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Flavor profile | |
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Texture profile | |
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Quantitative descriptive analysis (the QDA method) | |
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Spectrum descriptive analysis | |
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Free-choice profiling | |
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Other methods | |
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Experts and expert panels | |
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Applications for descriptive analysis | |
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Conclusions | |
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Affective Testing | |
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Introduction | |
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Methods | |
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Paired comparison | |
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Hedonic scale | |
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Other methods | |
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Subjects | |
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Types of acceptance testing | |
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Laboratory testing | |
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Central location testing | |
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Special types of central location tests | |
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In-home-use tests | |
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Other types of acceptance tests | |
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Special issues | |
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Sensory science versus marketing research/consumer insights | |
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The difference-preference test | |
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The curse of N | |
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The scorecard as a short story | |
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The many ways to ask the preference question | |
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What question do I ask first? | |
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Conclusions | |
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Strategic Applications | |
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Introduction | |
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Front end of innovation | |
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Product development | |
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Product optimization | |
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Sensory, physical, and chemical relationships | |
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Stability testing | |
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Quality control | |
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Market audits | |
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Extended-use testing | |
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Sensory and legal claims for advertising | |
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Conclusion | |
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Epilogue | |
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Introduction | |
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Educating the sensory professional | |
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The future | |
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References | |
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Index | |