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| Preface | |
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| Contributors | |
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| List of abbreviations and symbols | |
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| Philosophy of Science | |
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| Philosophy of the natural sciences | |
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| Philosophy of the social sciences | |
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| Ethics and Scientific Conduct | |
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| A brief introduction to ethics | |
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| Scientific conduct and misconduct | |
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| Misconduct and why it occurs | |
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| Fabrication and other forms of misconduct affecting the truth claims of scientific findings | |
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| Authorship issues | |
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| Salami, imalas and duplicate publication | |
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| The investigation and punishment of scientific misconduct | |
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| Ethics in Human and Animal Studies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic principles of human research ethics | |
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| International regulation | |
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| The ethics of animal research | |
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| World (Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects | |
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| Oviedo Convention (Council of Europe, European Treaty Series 164) | |
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| Oviedo Convention-Additional Protocol Concerning Biomedical Research, Chapter I-IX (Council of Europe, European Treaty Series 195) | |
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| Research Methodology: Strategies, Planning and Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Your scientific problem | |
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| More on scientific problems | |
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| Literature, methods and techniques | |
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| Research conditions | |
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| Data types | |
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| Techniques | |
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| Repeatability, reproducibility and reliability | |
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| Validity, effect measure and choice of statistical test | |
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| Experimental protocol | |
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| Experimental routine | |
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| Literature Search and Personal Reference Databases | |
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| Information literacy | |
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| Systematic literature search | |
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| How to formulate a query: PICO | |
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| Search technique | |
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| Methodology filters | |
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| Quality: critical appraisal | |
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| Impact factor | |
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| Principal bibliographic databases | |
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| Staying up to date | |
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| Medical and scientific internet search engines | |
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| Personal reference databases | |
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| Methods in Molecular Biology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Recombinant DNA technology | |
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| DNA and RNA: isolation, identification, synthesis and analysis | |
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| Practical applications of DNA/RNA technology | |
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| Protein analyses | |
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| Bioinformatics | |
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| Strategies and Methods of Basic Medical Research | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Long-term goals and specific aims | |
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| Background and significance | |
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| Experimental strategies and methods | |
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| Pilot studies | |
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| Rules for basic medical research projects | |
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| Clinical Research | |
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| Controlled clinical trials | |
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| Publication bias | |
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| Estimating sample size | |
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| 'Non-inferiority' studies | |
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| Generalization | |
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| Epidemiology: Concepts and Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definitions | |
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| The role of epidemiology | |
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| Population and sample | |
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| Measures of disease occurrence, association, risk and implications | |
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| Vital statistics | |
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| Study designs of epidemiological studies | |
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| Effect measures in epidemiological studies | |
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| Experimental studies and randomized control trials | |
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| Measurement error and sources of error | |
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| Tests and validity | |
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| Causes of disease | |
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| Association versus causality | |
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| Qualitative Research | |
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| Qualitative versus quantitative research | |
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| Using qualitative research | |
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| What qualitative research cannot be used for | |
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| Samples in qualitative studies | |
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| Reliability and validity | |
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| Ethical challenges in qualitative research | |
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| Qualitative data collection | |
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| Triangulation | |
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| Analyses of qualitative data | |
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| Releasing qualitative data | |
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| Statistical Issues | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Effect measure, hypothesis testing and confidence interval | |
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| Bernoulli trial | |
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| Comparing two proportions | |
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| Measures of association in 2 x 2 tables | |
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| Normal distribution | |
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| Comparison of means | |
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| Non-parametric methods | |
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| Regression analysis | |
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| Evidence-Based Practice and Critical Appraisal of Systematic Reviews | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Systematic reviews | |
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| Critical appraisal of a systematic review: one example | |
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| Summary | |
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| Scientific Communication | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The scientific paper | |
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| Posters | |
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| Successful Lecturing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Preparing the lecture | |
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| Lecture content and form | |
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| Manuscript | |
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| Delivering a lecture | |
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| Guide to Grant Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Getting started | |
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| The postdoctoral fellow and junior scientist | |
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| What goes into a successful grant application? | |
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| The investigator-initiated research grant | |
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| Multiproject grants | |
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| International research collaborations | |
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| The European Union's seventh Framework Programme | |
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| Summary and perspective | |
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| Index | |