Histories of Maize Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize

Name: Histories of Maize Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize
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ISBN: 9780123693648

ISBN-10: 0123693640

ISBN-13: 9780123693648

Edition: 2006

Authors: John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, Bruce F. Benz

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Description:

'Histories of Maize' provides a single source of information about the genetic, archaeological, and anthropological aspects of ancient maize.

Book details

List price: $155.00
Copyright year: 2006
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Binding: Hardcover
Pages: 678
Size: 8.50" wide x 10.75" long x 1.25" tall
Weight: 4.092

Histories of Maize: Genetic, Morphological, and Microbotanical Evidence
Differing Approaches and Perceptions in the Study of New and Old World Crops
Introduction	p. 3
Different Emphases in New and Old World Agriculture	p. 4
Different Perceptions of the Role of Science	p. 6
Maize in the Americas
Purpose and Scope of Review	p. 9
Introduction	p. 10
Juxtaposing the Archaeological and Genetic Evidence for Early Maize	p. 18
Origin of Polystichy in Maize
Abstract	p. 22
Introduction: The Origin of Maize	p. 23
The Maizoid Eve-An Emphatic Restatement	p. 27
First for Sugar, Then for Grain: Reflections on Corn Domestication Chronology	p. 28
The Cupulate Fruitcase and the Ear Cluster: Adaptive Marvels of Coordinated Sequential Maturation	p. 32
The Origin of Polystichy in Maize	p. 33
The Shank and Its Husks-The Key to Maize Ear Polystichy	p. 39
From Teosinte Distichy to Maizoid Polystichy: Or How to Study Husk Phyllotaxy in Nine Easy Steps	p. 45
S. G. Stephens and the Shank Condensation Theory-Sharp-Eyed, Unsung, Uncited, and Unequivocally Correct	p. 49
Postscript	p. 50
Dating the Initial Spread of Zea mays
Introduction	p. 55
Temporal Frameworks for Zea mays' Early Dispersal	p. 56
Direct Dating of Maize	p. 57
On the Indirect Dating of Maize	p. 59
Dating the Early Distribution of Zea Pollen	p. 60
Dating the Early Distribution of Maize Phytoliths	p. 63
Dating the Early Distribution of Moderate-to-High Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios	p. 65
Comparing the Different Lines of Evidence	p. 68
Discussion of the Social Implications of Maize's Early Spread: Initial Uses of Maize	p. 68
El Riego and Early Maize Agricultural Evolution
Introduction	p. 73
Domestication and Agriculture	p. 74
Methods	p. 75
Results: Calibrating and Averaging AMS Dates	p. 77
Results: Morphological Trends and Rates	p. 78
Results: Evolutionary Rates	p. 78
Results: Stable Isotope Determinations	p. 79
Discussion and Summary	p. 80
Ancient DNA and the Integration of Archaeological and Genetic Approaches to the Study of Maize Domestication
Introduction	p. 83
Morphological and Molecular Approaches to Documenting the Early History of Maize	p. 84
Molecular Level Analysis of Archaeological Maize: A Case Study	p. 85
The Timing and Sequence of Selection for Key Attributes in Maize: Combining Morphological and Molecular Evidence	p. 90
Ancient Maize in the American Southwest: What Does It Look Like and What Can It Tell Us?
Introduction	p. 97
Archaeological Context	p. 98
Analysis of the Maize: Methods and Materials	p. 99
Results	p. 101
Discussion	p. 104
Conclusions	p. 106
Environmental Mosaics, Agricultural Diversity, and the Evolutionary Adoption of Maize in the American Southwest
Introduction	p. 109
The Simplistic Paradigm	p. 110
Proto-Agriculture	p. 111
Diversity in Early Water Management	p. 112
Agricultural Niches in an Environmental Mosaic	p. 115
Maize Varieties and Crop Complexes	p. 115
Conclusion	p. 117
Toward a Biologically Based Method of Phytolith Classification
Introduction	p. 123
The Raw Data and Its Presumed Meaning	p. 124
Exploring Genetic versus Nongenetic Variation	p. 124
Conclusions	p. 128
Stable Isotope Analysis and Human Diet
Isotope Analyses and the Histories of Maize
Isotope Definitions	p. 131
History of Isotope Studies	p. 132
Sample Preparation and Isotopic Analysis	p. 135
Interpretation and Significance of Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Data	p. 136
Oxygen and Strontium Isotopes	p. 138
Isotope Studies in This Volume	p. 139
Social Directions in the Isotopic Anthropology of Maize in the Maya Region
A Brief History of Isotopic Anthropology in Mesoamerica	p. 143
Ideology	p. 145
Social Structure	p. 145
Intraelite Differentiation	p. 150
Gender	p. 150
Trade	p. 153
Identification of the "Other" in Sacrifices	p. 153
Conclusion	p. 155
Diet in Prehistoric Soconusco
Introduction	p. 161
Sample Selection	p. 162
Sample Preparation and Analysis	p. 162
Plant Results	p. 162
Animal Results	p. 163
Human Results	p. 165
Conclusions	p. 167
Early to Terminal Classic Maya Diet in the Northern Lowlands of the Yucatan (Mexico)
Introduction	p. 173
Methods	p. 174
Isotopic Studies of the Maya	p. 174
Discussion and Conclusion	p. 180
The Importance of Maize in the Initial Period and Early Horizon Peru
Introduction	p. 187
Archaeological Sites Tested	p. 188
Stable Isotope Analysis	p. 191
Results and Discussion	p. 193
Conclusion	p. 195
Maize on the Frontier: Isotopic and Macrobotanical Data from Central-Western Argentina
Introduction	p. 199
Zea mays on the Frontier: A South American Case	p. 201
The Study Area	p. 201
Domesticates: Maize and Other Resources in the Late Holocene	p. 202
Isotopic Ecology and Human Diet: [delta superscript 13]C and [delta superscript 15]N Information	p. 202
Late Holocene Human Diet and the Use of Maize	p. 207
The Zea mays Frontier Adoption Model	p. 211
Final Remarks	p. 212
Dietary Variation and Prehistoric Maize Farming in the Middle Ohio Valley
Introduction	p. 215
Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric Subsistence Records	p. 217
Theory and Method	p. 217
The Isotope Record of Dietary Change	p. 220
Geographic Variation in Maize-Based Farming Systems	p. 222
Conclusions	p. 229
A Hard Row to Hoe: Changing Maize Use in the American Bottom and Surrounding Areas
Introduction	p. 236
Models of Maize Adoption in the American Bottom	p. 236
Types of Analysis Used	p. 237
Early Emergent Mississippian	p. 239
Late Emergent Mississippian	p. 241
The Mississippian Lohmann Phase (CAL AD 1050-1100)	p. 242
Middle Mississippian Phases (CAL AD 1100-1350)	p. 243
Discussion	p. 244
Conclusions	p. 245
Evidence for Early Use of Maize in Peninsular Florida
Introduction	p. 249
The Natural Setting of Peninsular Florida	p. 250
Historic Evidence for Plant Foods in Florida	p. 251
Stable Isotope Studies in Florida	p. 251
Human Skeletal Samples in This Study	p. 252
Site Background	p. 252
Processing and Analyzing Skeletal Material	p. 253
Stable Isotope Results for All Sites	p. 254
Discussion	p. 257
Conclusion	p. 259
Prehistoric Maize in Southern Ontario: Contributions from Stable Isotope Studies
Introduction	p. 263
Previous Studies	p. 264
Stable Isotope Analysis of Faunal Remains: Earlier Study and New Data	p. 265
Refining Estimates of the Introduction of Maize in Southern Ontario from Human Collagen Samples	p. 270
Conclusions	p. 270
The Stable and Radio-Isotope Chemistry of Eastern Basketmaker and Pueblo Groups in the Four Corners Region of the American Southwest: Implications for Anasazi Diets, Origins, and Abandonments in Southwestern Colorado
Introduction	p. 276
Overview of Basketmaker II Research	p. 276
Site Descriptions	p. 277
Methods	p. 278
Results	p. 279
Discussion	p. 283
Conclusion	p. 285
The Agricultural Productivity of Chaco Canyon and the Source(s) of Pre-Hispanic Maize Found in Pueblo Bonito
Introduction	p. 290
Agricultural Productivity and Population Densities of the Chaco Canyon Core Area	p. 292
Archaeological Maize Samples	p. 302
Summary and Conclusions	p. 311
Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis and Human Diet: A Synthesis
Introduction	p. 315
Theoretical Basis of the Use of Isotopes	p. 316
The Significance of Isotopes in Reconstruction of Paleodiet in the Americas	p. 316
Rate of Spread of Maize and Agriculture	p. 317
Isotopic Studies in North America	p. 318
Mesoamerica	p. 319
South America	p. 319
Other Isotopic Methods	p. 320
Conclusions	p. 320
Histories of Maize: The Spread of Maize in Central and South America
Caribbean Maize: First Farmers to Columbus
Introduction	p. 325
Caribbean Biogeography and Physical Geography in Brief	p. 326
Synopsis of the History of Human Settlement and Cultivation Practices	p. 327
The Evidence for Maize: Archaeological Research	p. 329
Discussion	p. 331
Conclusion	p. 333
Maize on the Move
Introduction	p. 337
Ethnographic Evidence	p. 338
Discussion	p. 340
Conclusions	p. 341
The Gift of the Variation and Dispersion of Maize: Social and Technological Context in Amerindian Societies
Introduction	p. 344
The Development of Ceramics: Its Social Setting	p. 345
Ceramics and Maize: Dispersion in South America and the Caribbean	p. 345
Timing of Maturation of Maize	p. 350
Conclusions	p. 351
The Maize Revolution: A View from El Salvador
Introduction	p. 357
Making Sense of Fossil Zea Pollen from El Salvador and Beyond	p. 358
Prehistoric Maize from Western El Salvador	p. 360
Prehistoric Maize Fields from Central El Salvador	p. 362
Conclusions	p. 363
Pre-Columbian Maize Agriculture in Costa Rica: Pollen and Other Evidence from Lake and Swamp Sediments
Introduction	p. 368
Maize Pollen Identification and Dispersal and Associated Paleoecological Evidence	p. 368
Maize Pollen in Archaeological Regions of Costa Rica	p. 370
Conclusion	p. 376
Caral-Supe and the North-Central Area of Peru: The History of Maize in the Land Where Civilization Came into Being
Introduction	p. 381
The Social System of Caral-Supe	p. 382
The Territory of Caral	p. 383
The Settlement of Caral	p. 385
Tools for Farming	p. 387
Maize from Caral	p. 387
Interpretations	p. 399
Conclusions	p. 401
Prehistoric Maize from Northern Chile: An Evaluation of the Evidence
Introduction	p. 403
The Archaeological Evidence	p. 403
Discussion of the Evidence	p. 409
Early Maize on the Copacabana Peninsula: Implications for the Archaeology of the Lake Titicaca Basin
Introduction	p. 415
Archaeological Background and Paleobotanical Maize Samples from Copacabana	p. 417
Opal Phytoliths	p. 419
Materials and Methods of Phytolith Identification in Ancient and Modern Samples	p. 423
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 426
The Movements of Maize into Middle Horizon Tiwanaku, Bolivia
Introduction	p. 429
Tiwanaku: An Early Highland Polity	p. 430
The Andes: Ecological Diversity, Maize Diversity	p. 431
Maize at Tiwanaku	p. 432
Research Goals	p. 433
Discussion	p. 441
Conclusions	p. 443
The Social, Symbolic, and Economic Significance of Zea mays L. in the Late Horizon Period
Introduction	p. 449
The Social and Symbolic Significance of Maize	p. 451
Social and Symbolic Aspects of Maize to Interaction and Sealing Alliances	p. 454
The Significance and Role of Maize to Andean Economy	p. 462
Symbolic Aspects of Maize to Inca State Religion	p. 464
Summary and Conclusions	p. 465
Histories of Maize: North America and Northern Mexico
Early Agriculture in Chihuahua, Mexico
Introduction	p. 471
Early Agriculture	p. 471
The Introduction of Maize	p. 473
Early Agriculture in Chihuahua	p. 474
Paleoenvironment	p. 474
Previous Research in Chihuahua	p. 475
Northwestern Chihuahua	p. 475
South-Central Chihuahua	p. 478
The Sierra Tarahumara	p. 479
Discussion	p. 480
Protohistoric and Contact Period Salinas Pueblo Maize: Trend or Departure?
Introduction to the Salinas Area	p. 487
Research Questions and Data	p. 489
Maize Consumption	p. 491
Maize Production	p. 492
Maize Trait Variation	p. 494
Conclusions: Trend or Departure?	p. 495
Early Maize Agriculture in the Northern Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico
Introduction	p. 497
A Review of Early Agriculture in the Northern Rio Grande	p. 498
An Evaluation of Early Maize Morphology and Dates in the Northern Rio Grande	p. 501
Early Agriculture in the Northern Rio Grande	p. 505
Conclusion	p. 507
Hominy Technology and the Emergence of Mississippian Societies
Introduction	p. 511
Hominy Technology	p. 511
Testing the Hypothesis	p. 514
Origins of the Hominy Revolution	p. 516
Conclusions	p. 517
The Migrations of Maize into the Southeastern United States
Introduction	p. 521
The Pilot Study	p. 524
Conclusion	p. 524
The Science behind the Three Sisters Mound System: An Agronomic Assessment of an Indigenous Agricultural System in the Northeast
Introduction	p. 529
Mounds	p. 530
Intercropping	p. 534
An Integrated System	p. 535
The Origin and Spread of Maize (Zea mays) in New England
Introduction	p. 539
The Maize Debate and Mobile Farmers	p. 540
The Maize Chronology and the Importance of AMS Dating	p. 541
Maize Dating Project	p. 543
Implications of a Chronology for Maize Horticulture in New England	p. 545
Pre-Contact Maize from Ontario, Canada: Context, Chronology, Variation, and Plant Association
Introduction	p. 549
Middle Woodland, Late Woodland I, and Late Woodland II in Southern Ontario	p. 550
Paleoethnobotany of Middle Woodland, Princess Point, and Late Woodland II	p. 551
Maize in the Northeast	p. 552
Princess Point Maize	p. 554
Late Woodland I Maize Morphology	p. 556
Discussion	p. 556
Histories of Maize: The Language of Maize
Siouan Tribal Contacts and Dispersions Evidenced in the Terminology for Maize and Other Cultigens
Introduction	p. 564
Glottochronological Dating	p. 564
Impressionistic Dating	p. 565
Improving Dating Techniques	p. 565
Other Technology	p. 571
Summary	p. 572
Maize in Word and Image in Southeastern Mesoamerica
Introduction	p. 578
Vocabulary	p. 579
Narratives	p. 583
Sayings, Metaphors, and Beliefs	p. 586
Conclusion	p. 597
Thipaak and the Origins of Maize in Northern Mesoamerica
Introduction	p. 600
Thipaak Maize Histories	p. 600
Thipaak and Maize in Conversation and Daily Life	p. 604
Maize Cultivation Rituals	p. 606
Relation to Other Mesoamerican Traditions	p. 606
Discussion and Concluding Observations	p. 608
The Place of Maize in Indigenous Mesoamerican Folk Taxonomies
Introduction	p. 612
The Ethnobotany of the Amuzgo	p. 612
Amuzgo Ethnobotany and Folk Taxonomy	p. 613
Comparative Mesoamerican Plant Categorization	p. 616
The Emergence of Mesoamerican Life Forms	p. 618
Classic Maya Science	p. 619
Concluding Remarks	p. 620
Native Aymara and Quechua Botanical Terminologies of Zea mays in the Lake Titicaca and Cuzco Regions
Introduction	p. 623
Historical Background of Quechua and Aymara Languages	p. 624
Tunqu (Aymara) and Sara (Quechua) Maize Terminologies	p. 625
Chicha, K'usa (Aymara), and Aqha (Quechua) Terms	p. 627
Conclusions	p. 628
The Historical Linguistics of Maize Cultivation in Mesoamerica and North America
Introduction	p. 631
Historical-Linguistic Methods	p. 632
Reconstructed Maize Complex Vocabularies in Mesoamerican Languages	p. 633
Maize Complex Loan Words in Mesoamerican Languages	p. 636
Maize Vocabularies in the Southwestern United States	p. 640
Maize Vocabulary in the Eastern United States	p. 642
Summary and Conclusion	p. 643
Glottochronology and the Chronology of Maize in the Americas
Introduction	p. 648
Glottochronology	p. 649
Methodology	p. 650
Theoretical Considerations Concerning Terms for Maize in Ancestral Languages	p. 654
Chronology of Maize in the Americas	p. 655
Maize Chronology and Glottochronological Dates	p. 656
Adjusting Glottochronology	p. 661
Conclusion	p. 662
The Antiquity, Biogeography, and Culture History of Maize in the Americas
The Culture History of Maize in the Americas	p. 665
Antiquity	p. 666
Biogeography: Dispersal and Racial Diversification	p. 667
Culture History-Staple, Variety, and Cultural Acceptance	p. 668
Maize in Language, Legend, and Myth	p. 671
Extinction	p. 672
Index	p. 675
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