| |
| |
| Contributors | |
| |
| |
| Foreword | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Introduction: The Tropics--Paradise Imperiled? | |
| |
| |
| The Changing Tropics | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Industrialization of Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| The Increasing Need for Foreign Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Tropical Environmental Issues and Their Economic Consequences | |
| |
| |
| Has Development Failed? | |
| |
| |
| Was Conventional Economics the Wrong Tool to Guide Development? | |
| |
| |
| Sustainable Development, the New Silver Bullet | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| A Brief Historical and Visual Introduction to Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Costa Rica, Green Paradise? | |
| |
| |
| A Historical Perspective on Costa Rica and Its Economy | |
| |
| |
| The Effects of Foreign Aid and Loans | |
| |
| |
| Costa Rica in the 1990s--Radical Changes in the Country and the Economy | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Development and Sustainability | |
| |
| |
| The Theories and Myths That Have Guided Development | |
| |
| |
| The Economic Issues | |
| |
| |
| The Lure of Sustainable Development | |
| |
| |
| The Central Question of This Book | |
| |
| |
| Some Important History about the Development of Economics | |
| |
| |
| Biophysical Economics | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Data on Sustainability in Costa Rica: Time Series Analysis of Population, Land Use, Economics, Energy, and Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Methods | |
| |
| |
| Results | |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Land, Energy, and Agricultural Production in Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Assessing the Food Production Capacity of Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Simulation Results | |
| |
| |
| What This Means for the Future | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Adding a Spatial Dimension: Tools for Dynamic Geographical Analysis | |
| |
| |
| The Derivation and Analysis of National-Level Geographical Information: A New Model for Accessibility and an Easy-to-Use Micro GIS Program | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| A Plan to Generate National-Level Data Bases | |
| |
| |
| Our Plan to Provide a Uniform Format for Costa Rican Geographical Data | |
| |
| |
| Development of Mean Environmental Characteristics for Each Political Unit | |
| |
| |
| A Free Micro GIS Program | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Geographical Modeling: The Synthesis of a GIS and Simulation Modeling | |
| |
| |
| The Concepts behind Land Use Decision Making | |
| |
| |
| Tools for Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Applying Gradient Analysis through Geographical Modeling to Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Models and Policymaking | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Building a Geographical Database for Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Developing a Nationwide Topographical Database | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Construction of the Topographical Database | |
| |
| |
| Generating Derivatives of the DEM | |
| |
| |
| Potential Uses in Sustainability Assessment | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis of Costa Rican Meteorological Information in a Geographical Context | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Methodology--An Overview | |
| |
| |
| Methods We Used to Compute Costa Rican Digital Climate Maps | |
| |
| |
| Results | |
| |
| |
| Discussion--Validating the Accuracy of the Generated Maps | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Properties, Geographic Distribution, and Management of Major Soil Orders of Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Classifying Costa Rica's Diverse Soils | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Remote Sensing and Land Use Analysis for Agriculture in Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Application of Remote Sensing to Assessing Forest Cover and Land Use Change in Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Crops | |
| |
| |
| The Future of Costa Rican Institutions Developing Remote Sensing Applications | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Application to Sustainability Issues for Costa Rica's Natural Resources | |
| |
| |
| Temporal and Spatial Overview of Costa Rican Agricultural Production | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Trends in Land Use and Agricultural Yield | |
| |
| |
| The Geography of Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| An Energy Flow Analysis of Agricultural Productivity in Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Biophysical Agricultural Assessment and Management Models for Developing Countries | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Model 1: ALES Land Use Potential Evaluation System | |
| |
| |
| Model 2: DSSAT Crop Simulation Models | |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Geographical Synthesis of Data on Costa Rican Pastures and Their Potential for Improvement | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Pastures | |
| |
| |
| Economic Issues | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| The Extent and Economic Impacts of Soil Erosion in Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Literature Review | |
| |
| |
| Methods | |
| |
| |
| Results | |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Land Use and Cover Change in Costa Rica: A Geographic Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Past and Present Remote Sensing and GIS Studies in Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Methods | |
| |
| |
| Results | |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Gradient Analysis of Biomass in Costa Rica and a First Estimate of Countrywide Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Biomass Burning | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Methods | |
| |
| |
| Results and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Forestry in Costa Rica and an Estimate of Energy Potentially Available from Forests | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Use of Costa Rican Forests and the Forestry Industry | |
| |
| |
| Could the Forest Provide the Energy That Costa Rica Needs for Its Economy? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Assessing the Role of Parks for Protecting Forest Resources Using GIS and Spatial Modeling | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Using a GIS to Assess the Quality of National Parklands | |
| |
| |
| Using Spatial Modeling to Assess Resistance to Land Use Change | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Biophysical Analysis of Major Components of the Economy | |
| |
| |
| The Costa Rican Banana Industry: Can It Be Sustainable? | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Present Role of the Banana Industry in the Costa Rican Economy | |
| |
| |
| Toward a Sustainable Banana Production Future | |
| |
| |
| Visions and Goals | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| The Costa Rican Coffee Industry | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| How Sustainable Is Sustainable? A Biophysical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Why Areas with Suboptimal Growing Conditions Get Higher Selling Prices: A Case Study in the West Central Valley | |
| |
| |
| Land Use Changes | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Costa Rican Industry: Characteristics, History, and Potential for Sustainability | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The History of the Costa Rican Industrial Sector | |
| |
| |
| Will Emerging Industries Be Any Different? | |
| |
| |
| Sustainability of the Costa Rican Industrial Sector | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| The Internationalization of the Costa Rican Economy: A Two-Edged Sword | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Results | |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Structural Adjustment Policies in Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| The Costa Rican Strategy of Export-Led Growth | |
| |
| |
| Discussion: The Political Implications of Structural Adjustment Policies | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Comparative Estimates of Sustainability: Economic, Resource Base, Ecological Footprint, and Emergy | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Summary from Other Chapters of This Book | |
| |
| |
| Calculating the Ecological Footprint of Costa Rica: Does Costa Rica Fit inside Costa Rica? | |
| |
| |
| Emergy, Foreign Trade, and Carrying Capacity in Costa Rica | |
| |
| |
| Results and Discussion of Emergy Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| The Myth of Sustainable Development | |
| |
| |
| The Impossibility of Sustainable Development | |
| |
| |
| Why Conventional Development Does Not Work | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: There Is Hope | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Low-Cost Mapmaking | |
| |
| |
| A Free Micro GIS Program | |
| |
| |
| Appendix III | |
| |
| |
| Index | |