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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Overview of the Chemistry of Polluted and Remote Atmospheres | |
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| Regions and Characteristics of The Atmosphere | |
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| Air Pollution and the Chemistry of Our Troposphere | |
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| Historical Perspectives: Ancient and Medieval Times | |
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| "London" Smog: Sulfur Dioxide, Acidic Aerosols, and Soot | |
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| "Los Angeles" Smog: Ozone and Photochemical Oxidants | |
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| Acid Deposition | |
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| Chemistry of the Natural Troposphere: Remote Atmospheres | |
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| Chemistry of the Stratosphere | |
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| Global Climate Change | |
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| Indoor Air Pollution | |
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| Discussion Topic and OZIPR Model | |
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| Discussion Topic: "Background Ozone" | |
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| OZIPR Model | |
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| The Atmospheric System | |
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| Emissions | |
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| Oxides of Nitrogen | |
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| Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) | |
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| Carbon Monoxide | |
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| Sulfur Compounds | |
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| Total Suspended Particles (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 | |
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| Lead | |
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| Meteorology | |
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| Lapse Rate: Temperature and Altitude | |
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| Potential Temperature | |
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| Temperature Inversions | |
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| Removal from the Atmosphere: Wet and Dry Deposition | |
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| Typical Ambient Concentrations and Air Quality Standards | |
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| Units of Concentrations and Conversions | |
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| Criteria and Noncriteria Pollutants and Air Quality Standards | |
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| Effects on Visibility and Materials | |
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| Economics | |
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| Atmospheric Chemistry: Risk Assessments and Public Policies for Air Pollution Control | |
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| Spectroscopy and Photochemistry: Fundamentals | |
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| Basic Principles | |
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| Molecular Energy Levels and Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy | |
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| Fates of Electronically Excited Molecules | |
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| Absorption of Light | |
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| Basic Relationships | |
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| The Beer - Lambert Law | |
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| Atmospheric Photochemistry | |
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| Solar Radiation and Its Transmission through the Atmosphere | |
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| Calculating Photolysis Rates in the Atmosphere | |
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| Procedure for Calculating Photolysis Rates | |
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| Example: Photolysis of Acetaldehyde at the Earth's Surface | |
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| Photochemistry of Important Atmospheric Species | |
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| Molecular Oxygen | |
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| Absorption Spectra | |
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| Photochemistry | |
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| Ozone | |
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| Absorption Spectra | |
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| Photochemistry | |
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| Nitrogen Dioxide | |
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| Absorption Spectra | |
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| Photochemistry | |
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| Nitric ACID | |
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| Nitrous ACID | |
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| Peroxynitric ACID | |
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| Nitrate Radical | |
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| Dinitrogen Pentoxide | |
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| Nitrous Oxide | |
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| Organic Nitrates and Peroxyacetyl Nitrate | |
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| Organic Nitrates | |
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| Peroxyacetyl Nitrate | |
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| Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfur Trioxide | |
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| SO[subscript 2] | |
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| SO[subscript 3] | |
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| Hydrogen Peroxide and Organic Hydroperoxides | |
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| Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| Chlorine Nitrate (ClONO[subscript 2]) and Bromine Nitrate (BrONO[subscript 2]) | |
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| HCl and HBr | |
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| The Halogens | |
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| ClO, BrO, and IO | |
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| ClOOCl | |
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| OClO | |
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| HOCl, HOBr, and HOI | |
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| Nitrosyl Chloride (ClNO) and Nitryl Chloride (ClNO[subscript 2]) | |
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| Halogenated Methanes and Ethanes | |
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| Kinetics and Atmospheric Chemistry | |
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| Fundamental Principles of Gas-Phase Kinetics | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Termolecular Reactions and Pressure Dependence of Rate Constants | |
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| Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants | |
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| Laboratory Techniques for Determining Absolute Rate Constants for Gas-Phase Reactions | |
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| Kinetic Analysis | |
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| Fast-Flow Systems | |
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| Flash Photolysis Systems | |
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| Pulse Radiolysis | |
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| Cavity Ring Down Method | |
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| Static Techniques | |
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| Laboratory Techniques for Determining Relative Rate Constants for Gas-Phase Reactions | |
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| Reactions in Solution | |
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| Interactions of Gaseous Air Pollutants with Atmospheric Aqueous Solutions | |
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| Diffusion-Controlled Reactions of Uncharged Nonpolar Species in Solution | |
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| Reactions of Charged Species in Solution | |
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| Experimental Techniques Used for Studying Solution Reactions | |
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| Laboratory Techniques for Studying Heterogeneous Reactions | |
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| Analysis of Systems with Gas- and Liquid-Phase Diffusion, Mass Accommodation, and Reactions in the Liquid Phase or at the Interface | |
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| Knudsen Cells | |
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| Flow Tube Studies | |
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| Falling-Droplet Apparatus | |
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| Bubble Apparatus | |
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| Aerosol Chambers | |
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| Liquid Jet Apparatus | |
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| DRIFTS | |
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| Surface Science Techniques | |
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| Other Methods | |
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| Compilations of Kinetic Data for Atmospheric Reactions | |
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| Rates and Mechanisms of Gas-Phase Reactions in Irradiated Organic-NO[subscript x]-Air Mixtures | |
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| Sources of Oxidants in the Troposphere: OH, O[subscript 3], NO[subscript 3], HO[subscript 2], and Cl | |
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| OH | |
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| O[subscript 3] | |
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| NO[subscript 3] | |
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| HO[subscript 2] | |
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| Cl | |
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| Lifetimes of Typical Organics in the Troposphere | |
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| Reactions of Alkanes | |
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| Hydroxyl Radical (OH) | |
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| Nitrate Radical (NO[subscript 3]) | |
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| Chlorine Atoms (Cl) | |
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| Reactions of Alkyl (R), Alkylperoxy (RO[subscript 2]), and Alkoxy (RO) Radicals in Air | |
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| Alkyl Radicals (R) | |
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| Alkylperoxy Radicals (RO[subscript 2]) | |
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| Alkoxy Radicals (RO) | |
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| Summary of R, RO[subscript 2], and RO Radical Reactions in the Troposphere | |
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| Reactions of Alkenes (Including Biocenics) | |
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| Hydroxyl Radical (OH) | |
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| Ozone (O[subscript 3]) | |
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| Nitrate Radical (NO[subscript 3]) | |
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| Chlorine Atoms (Cl) | |
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| Nitrogen Dioxide (NO[subscript 2]) | |
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| Reactions of Alkynes | |
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| Hydroxyl Radical (OH) | |
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| Reactions of Simple Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Hydroxyl Radical (OH) | |
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| Nitrate Radical (NO[subscript 3]) | |
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| Chlorine Atoms (Cl) | |
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| Reactions of Oxygen-Containing Organics | |
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| Reactions of OH, NO[subscript 3], and Cl | |
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| Hydroperoxyl Radical (HO[subscript 2]) | |
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| Reactions of Nitrogenous Organics | |
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| Peroxyacetyl Nitrate and Its Homologs | |
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| Alkyl Nitrates and Nitrites | |
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| Amines, Nitrosamines, and Hydrazines | |
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| Chemistry of Remote Regions | |
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| Emissions of Biogenic Organics | |
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| Chemistry | |
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| Upper Troposphere | |
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| Arctic | |
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| Atmospheric Chemistry and Biomass Burning | |
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| Chemistry of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds | |
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| Oxidation of No To NO[subscript 2] and the Leighton Relationship | |
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| Oxidation of NO[subscript 2] | |
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| Daytime Gas-Phase Reaction with OH | |
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| Nighttime Reactions to Form NO[subscript 3] and N[subscript 2]O[subscript 5] | |
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| Reactions of NO and NO[subscript 2] with Water and Alcohols | |
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| Other Reactions of NO[subscript 2] | |
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| Atmospheric Chemistry of Hono | |
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| Formation of HONO | |
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| Atmospheric Fates of HONO | |
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| Reactions of NO[subscript 3] and N[subscript 2]O[subscript 5] | |
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| Reactions of NO[subscript 3] | |
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| Reactions of N[subscript 2]O[subscript 5] | |
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| Atmospheric Chemistry of HNO[subscript 3] | |
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| Formation | |
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| Tropospheric Fates | |
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| "Missing" NO[subscript y] | |
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| Ammonia (NH[subscript 3]) | |
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| Acid Deposition: Formation and Fates of Inorganic and Organic Acids in the Troposphere | |
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| Contribution of H[subscript 2]SO[subscript 4], HNO[subscript 3], HONO, and Organic Acids | |
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| Solubility of Gases in Rain, Fogs, and Clouds: Henry's Law and Aqueous-Phase Equilibria | |
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| Oxidation of SO[subscript 2] | |
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| Field Studies | |
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| Oxidation in the Gas Phase | |
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| Oxidation in the Aqueous Phase | |
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| Oxidation on Surfaces | |
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| Relative Importance of Various Oxidation Pathways for SO[subscript 2] | |
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| Organic Acids | |
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| Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds Other Than SO[subscript 2] | |
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| Reactions of Dimethyl Sulfide (CH[subscript 3]SCH[subscript 3]) | |
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| Dimethyl Disulfide (CH[subscript 3]SSCH[subscript 3]) | |
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| Methyl Mercaptan (CH[subscript 3]SH) | |
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| Hydrogen Sulfide (H[subscript 2]S) | |
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| Carbon Disulfide (CS[subscript 2]) | |
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| Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) | |
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| Particles in the Troposphere | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Some Definitions | |
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| Size Distributions | |
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| Particle Motion | |
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| Light Scattering and Absorption and Their Relationship to Visibility Reduction | |
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| Reactions Involved in Particle Formation and Growth | |
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| Nucleation, Condensation, and Coagulation | |
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| Reactions of Gases at Particle Surfaces | |
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| Reactions in the Aqueous Phase | |
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| Relative Importance of Various Aerosol Growth Mechanisms | |
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| Chemical Composition of Tropospheric Aerosols | |
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| Inorganic Species | |
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| Organics | |
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| GAS-Particle Distribution of Semivolatile Organics | |
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| Adsorption on Solid Particles | |
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| Absorption into Liquids | |
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| Octanol - Air Partitioning Coefficients | |
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| Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives: Atmospheric Chemistry and Toxicological Implications | |
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| Nomenclature and Selected Physical and Spectroscopic Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs) | |
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| Combustion-Generated PAHs and PACs | |
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| Structures and IUPAC Rules for Nomenclature | |
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| Solubilities and Vapor Pressures | |
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| Gas - Particle Partitioning, Sampling Techniques, and Ambient Levels of Selected PAHs and PACs | |
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| Absorption and Emission Spectra of Selected PAHs and PACs | |
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| Biological Properties of PAHs and PACs I: Carcinogenicity | |
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| Historical Perspective: Benzo[a]pyrene, the "Classic Chemical Carcinogen" | |
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| Carcinogenicity of PAHs, Cancer Potencies, and Potency Equivalence Factors | |
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| Carcinogenicity of Nitroarenes and Other Nitro-PACs | |
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| Biological Properties of PAHs and PACs II: Mutagenicity | |
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| Short-Term Tests for Genetic and Related Effects | |
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| The Ames Salmonella typhimurium Reversion Assay | |
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| The Salmonella TM677 "Forward Mutation" Assay | |
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| Human Cell Mutagenicities of PAHs and PACs | |
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| Bacterial and Human Cell Mutagenicities of Polluted Ambient Air | |
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| Bacterial Mutagenicity of Urban Air: A Worldwide Phenomenon | |
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| Sources, Ambient Levels, Transport, and Transformation: Some Case Studies | |
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| Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis for PAHs and PACs in Fine Ambient Aerosols Using a Human Cell Assay | |
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| Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis for Vapor-Phase and Particle-Phase PAHs and PACs in Ambient Air Using Bacterial Assays | |
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| Atmospheric Fates of Particle-Associated PAHs: Heterogeneous Reactions | |
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| Background | |
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| Theoretical and Experimental Structure - Reactivity Relationships | |
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| Field Studies of Atmospheric Reactions: Transport and Transformation | |
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| Photochemical Reactions of Particle-Associated PAHs | |
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| Gas - Particle Reactions | |
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| Atmospheric Fates of Particle-Associated Nitroarenes | |
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| Reactions of Gas-Phase PAHs: Atmospheric Formation of Mutagenic Nitroarenes | |
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| Combustion-Generated Primary Emissions of Nitroarenes | |
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| Atmospheric Formation of Nitro-PAHs and Nitro-PACs | |
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| Analytical Methods and Typical Atmospheric Concentrations for Gases and Particles | |
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| Gases | |
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| Optical Spectroscopic Techniques | |
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| Mass Spectrometry | |
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| Filters, Denuders, Transition Flow Reactors, Mist Chambers, and Scrubbers | |
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| Methods for, and Tropospheric Levels of, Specific Gases | |
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| Generation of Standard Gas Mixtures | |
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| Particles | |
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| Sampling and Collection of Particles | |
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| Measurement of Physical Characteristics: Mass and Size | |
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| Measurement of Chemcial Composition | |
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| Real-Time Monitoring Techniques for Particles | |
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| Generation of Calibration Aerosols | |
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| Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemistry in the Stratosphere | |
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| Chemistry of the Unperturbed Stratosphere | |
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| Stratosphere - Troposphere Exchange (STE) | |
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| Chapman Cycle and NO[subscript x] Chemistry | |
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| High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT), Rockets, and the Space Shuttle | |
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| HSCT | |
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| Space Shuttle and Solid Rocket Motors | |
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| Chlorofluorocarbons | |
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| Types, Nomenclature, and Uses | |
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| Lifetimes and Atmospheric Fates of CFCs and Halons | |
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| Gas-Phase Chemistry in the Stratosphere | |
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| Antarctic "Ozone Hole" | |
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| Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) and Aerosols | |
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| Effects of Volcanic Eruptions | |
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| Ozone Depletion in the Arctic | |
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| Ozone Destruction in the Midlatitudes | |
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| Contribution of Brominated Organics | |
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| Sources and Sinks of Brominated Organics | |
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| Bromine Chemistry in the Stratosphere | |
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| Contribution of Iodine-Containing Organics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Scientific Basis for Control of Halogenated Organics | |
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| International Agreements on Phaseout of Halogenated Organics | |
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| Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODP) | |
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| Trends in CFCs, Their Replacements, Stratospheric O[subscript 3], and Surface UV | |
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| Trends in CFCs and Their Replacements | |
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| Trends in Stratospheric O[subscript 3] | |
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| Trends in Surface Ultraviolet Radiation | |
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| Tropospheric Chemistry of Alternate CFCs | |
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| Kinetics of OH Reactions | |
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| Tropospheric Chemistry | |
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| Summary | |
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| Global Tropospheric Chemistry and Climate Change | |
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| Radiation Balance of the Atmosphere: The Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Global Absorption and Emission of Radiation | |
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| Radiative Transfer Processes in the Atmosphere | |
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| Dependence of Net Infrared Absorption on Atmospheric Concentrations | |
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| Contribution of Trace Gases to the Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Infrared Absorption by Trace Gases | |
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| Trends in Trace Gas Concentrations | |
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| Radiative Forcing by Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potentials | |
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| Aerosol Particles, Atmospheric Radiation, and Climate Change | |
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| Direct Effects | |
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| Indirect Effects of Aerosol Particles | |
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| Some Other Factors Affecting Global Climate | |
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| Absorption of Solar Radiation by Clouds | |
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| Feedbacks: Water Vapor, Clouds, and the "Supergreenhouse Effect" | |
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| Solar Variability | |
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| Volcanic Eruptions | |
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| Oceans | |
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| Observations of Climate Changes | |
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| Observed Temperature Trends | |
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| Other Climate Changes | |
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| The Future | |
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| Indoor Air Pollution: Sources, Levels, Chemistry, and Fates | |
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| Radon | |
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| Oxides of Nitrogen | |
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| Levels of NO[subscript x] | |
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| HONO and HNO[subscript 3] | |
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| CO and SO[subscript 2] | |
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| Volatile Organic Compounds | |
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| Ozone | |
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| Indoor VOC-NO[subscript x]-O[subscript 3] Chemistry | |
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| Particles | |
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| Applications of Atmospheric Chemistry: Air Pollution Control Strategies and Risk Assessments for Tropospheric Ozone and Associated Photochemical Oxidants, Acids, Particles, and Hazardous Air Pollutants | |
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| Tropospheric Ozone and Associated Photochemical Oxidants | |
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| Environmental Chambers | |
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| Isopleths for Ozone and Other Photochemically Derived Species | |
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| Models | |
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| Reactivity of VOC | |
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| Typical Reactivity Scales | |
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| Application to Control of Mobile Source Emissions | |
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| Field Observations of VOC, NO[subscript x], and O[subscript 3] | |
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| Alternate Fuels | |
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| Reformulated Gasolines | |
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| Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) | |
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| Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) | |
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| Alcohol Fuels and Blends with Gasoline | |
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| Hydrogen | |
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| Electric Vehicles | |
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| Control of ACIDS | |
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| Control of Particles | |
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| Atmopsheric Chemistry and Risk Assessments of Hazardous Air Pollutants | |
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| Enthalpies of Formation of Some Gaseous Molecules, Atoms, and Free Radicals at 298 K | |
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| Bond Dissociation Energies | |
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| Running the OZIPR Model | |
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| Some Relevant Web Sites | |
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| Pressures and Temperatures for Standard Atmosphere | |
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| Answers to Selected Problems | |
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| Subject Index | |