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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Anatomical Foundation of the Plant Body: An Overview | |
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Plant Growth, Development, and Cellular Organization | |
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Plant Growth | |
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Meristem Function | |
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Cell Differentiation | |
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Terms Used in the Description of Plant Cells | |
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Embryology | |
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The Plant Cell | |
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The Cell Wall | |
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The Cell Plate and Middle Lamella | |
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The Primary Wall | |
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Plasmodesmata | |
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The Secondary Wall | |
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Warty Layer | |
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Wall Pits | |
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Cell Membranes | |
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Cytoplasmic Organelles | |
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Vacuome | |
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Starch | |
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Nucleus | |
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Nonprotoplasmic Mineral Desposition | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Origin and Structure of the Primary Plant Body | |
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Structure and Function of the Angiosperm Vegetative Shoot Apex | |
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Shoot Apex Organization | |
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Chimeras | |
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Structure and Function of the Root Apex | |
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Differentiation of Primary Tissues | |
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Leaf Initiation and Development | |
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Classification of Tissues | |
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Dermal Tissue System | |
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Cuticle and Epicuticular Waxes | |
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Specialized Epidermal Cells | |
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Fundamental Tissue System | |
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Parenchyma | |
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Collenchyma | |
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Sclerenchyma | |
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Sclereids | |
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Fibers | |
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Laticiferous Tissue System | |
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Vascular Tissue Systems | |
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Xylem | |
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Tracheids | |
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Vessel Elements | |
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Primary Xylem Tracheary Elements | |
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Phloem | |
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Sieve Tube Elements | |
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Companion Cells | |
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Sieve Cells | |
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Differentiation of Primary Vascular Tissues | |
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Primary Xylem Differentiation | |
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Cytodifferentiation of Tracheary Cells | |
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Primary Phloem Differentiation | |
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Vascular Differentiation in Leaves | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Tissue Organization in Stems, Leaves, and Roots | |
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Stems | |
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Vascular Bundles | |
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Stem Structure | |
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Leaves | |
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Lamina Structure | |
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Leaf Venation | |
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Gymnosperm Leaves | |
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Roots | |
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Origin of Lateral Roots | |
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Mycorrhizae | |
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Root and Bacteria Interactions | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Origin and Structure of the Secondary Plant Body | |
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Vascular Cambium Formation | |
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Structure and Function of the Vascular Cambium | |
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Cell Division in the Cambium | |
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Anomalous Secondary Growth | |
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Secondary Xylem (Wood) | |
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Secondary Phloem | |
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Structure and Function of the Cork Cambium and Periderm | |
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Secondary Growth in Monocotyledons | |
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Periderm Formation in Monocotyledons | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Evolutionary, Physiological, and Ecological Plant Anatomy | |
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Evolution and Systematics | |
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Systematic Plant Anatomy | |
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Variation in Anatomical Characters | |
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Xylem Evolution | |
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Use of Wood Anatomy in Systematics | |
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Nodal Anatomy | |
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Foliar Epidermis | |
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Trichomes | |
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Mineral Inclusions | |
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Ultrastructure | |
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Phylogenetic Systematics | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Macromorphology | |
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Floral Morphology and Anatomy | |
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Homology of Floral Appendages | |
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Conservative and Vestigial Vascular Bundles | |
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Nectaries of Salix | |
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Pseudomonomerous Gynoecia | |
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Inverted Vascular Bundles | |
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The Inferior Ovary | |
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Leaves and Stipules | |
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Two-Bundled Structures in Monocotyledons | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Structure and Function | |
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Vascular Tissues | |
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Phloem Structure and Translocation | |
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Minor Leaf Veins and Phloem Loading and Unloading | |
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Kranz Anatomy and Photosynthesis | |
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Xylem Structure and Water Movement | |
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Water Conductance | |
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Hydraulic Segmentation and Safety | |
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Water Flow | |
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Anatomical Responses to Mineral Deficiency | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Ecological Anatomy | |
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Habitat and Plant Structure | |
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Ecological Leaf Anatomy | |
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Sun and Shade Leaves | |
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Xeromorphic Leaves | |
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Ericoid Leaves | |
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Sclerophyllous Leaves | |
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Succulent Leaves | |
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Poikilohydric Plants | |
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Halophytic Leaves | |
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Alpine Plants | |
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Epiphytic Plants | |
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Hydromorphic Leaves | |
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Ecological Wood Anatomy | |
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Growth Rings | |
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Hydraulic Architecture | |
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Adaptive Radiation in Dilleniaceae | |
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Roots | |
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Xeromorphic Roots | |
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Hydromorphic Roots | |
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Flooded and Drought-Stressed Roots | |
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Aerial Roots | |
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Frost Hardiness | |
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Anatomy and Pollution | |
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Anatomy and Plant Resistance | |
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Effects of Pollution on Wood | |
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Gaseous Air Pollutants | |
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Ozone Injury to Plants | |
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Acid Rain | |
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Carbon Dioxide | |
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Ionizing Radiation | |
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Ultraviolet B Radiation | |
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Insecticides and Herbicides | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Economic and Applied Plant Anatomy | |
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Genetics and Plant Breeding | |
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Molecular Genetic Analysis | |
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Anatomy as an Indicator of Hybridization | |
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Gene Expression and Anatomical Traits | |
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The Wilted Gene | |
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Trichome Development | |
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Corn Leaf Development | |
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Cell Wall Genes | |
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Floral Development | |
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Anatomy, Heredity, and Plant Breeding | |
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Wood Quality | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Defense Mechanisms and Structural Responses of Plants to Diseases, Pests, and Mechanical Injury | |
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The Nature of Plant Defenses | |
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Responses of Plants to Wounding and Invasion by Microorganisms | |
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Abscission | |
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Tissue Regeneration | |
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Grafting | |
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Cytological Reactions to Invasion by Parasites | |
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Structural Bases of Resistance | |
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Trichomes | |
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Laticifers | |
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Dutch Elm Disease and Tyloses | |
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Heartwood | |
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Structural Aspects of Virus Movement in Plants | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Herbs, Spices, and Drugs | |
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Classification of Secretory Structures | |
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External Secretory Structures | |
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Internal Secretory Structures | |
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Anatomy of Secretory Structures | |
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Secretory Cells and Cavities | |
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Anatomical and Pharmacognostic Studies on Herb, Spice, and Drug Plants | |
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Cinnamon | |
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Ginger | |
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Peppermint | |
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Cinchona | |
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Cascara Sagrada | |
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Nirbisi | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Fibers, Fiber Products, and Forage Fiber | |
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Extraxylary Fibers | |
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Xylary Fibers and Paper Manufacture | |
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Reaction Wood | |
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Compression Wood | |
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Tension Wood and Gelatinous Fibers | |
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Forage "Fiber" and Animal Nutrition | |
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Grass Leaf Digestion | |
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Legume Digestion | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Forensic Science and Animal Food Habits | |
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Plant Anatomy as Forensic Evidence | |
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Plant Cell Identification | |
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Application of Anatomical Evidence in Criminal and Civil Law | |
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Animal Food Habits | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Archaeology, Anthropology, and Climatology | |
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Wood Anatomy and the Environment | |
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Dendrochronology | |
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Methods of Dendrochronology | |
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Dendrochronology Case Studies | |
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Dendroclimatology | |
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Tree Rings and Other Environmental Factors | |
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Diets and Artifacts of Prehistoric Peoples | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Properties and Utilization of Wood | |
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Features and Appearance of Sawed or Split Lumber | |
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Physical Properties of Wood | |
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Specific Gravity and Density | |
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Wood and Water | |
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Permeability | |
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Sapwood and Heartwood | |
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Mechanical Properties of Wood | |
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Stiffness and Strength | |
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Hardness and Toughness | |
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Application of Wood Anatomy to the Field of Biomedical Research | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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The Arts and Antiques | |
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Identification and Deterioration of Plant Tissues and Cells Used in Object Construction | |
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Deterioration | |
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Dendrochronological Dating | |
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Green-Stained Wood | |
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Identification of Antique Upholstery Filling and Wooden Furniture | |
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Antique Musical Instruments | |
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Musical Instruments and Wood Technical Properties | |
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Stringed Instruments | |
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Wind Instruments | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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General Anatomical References | |
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Plant Anatomy and the World Wide Web | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |