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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Historical Overview of Soils and the Fitness of the Soil Environment | |
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| The Historical Background of Soil Ecology | |
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| Water as a Constituent of Soil | |
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| Elemental Constitution of Soil | |
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| How Soils Are Formed | |
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| Profile Development | |
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| Soil Texture | |
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| Clay Mineral Structure | |
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| Soil Structure | |
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| Soils as Suppliers of Ecosystem Services | |
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| Summary | |
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| Primary Production Processes in Soils: Roots and Rhizosphere Associates | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Primary Production Process | |
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| Methods of Sampling | |
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| Destructive Techniques | |
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| The Harvest Method | |
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| Isotope-Dilution Method | |
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| Root-Ingrowth Technique | |
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| Nondestructive Techniques | |
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| Additional Sources of Primary Production | |
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| Symbiotic Associates of Roots | |
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| Mycorrhizal Structure and Function | |
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| Ecosystem-Level Consequences of ECM Function | |
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| Actinorhiza | |
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| Carbon Allocation in the Root/Rhizosphere | |
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| Carbon Allocation Costs of Development and Maintenance of Symbiotic Associations with Roots | |
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| Future Directions for Research on Roots and Mycorrhizal Function and Biodiversity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms--Microbes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Compounds Being Decomposed | |
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| Microbial Activities in Relation to Catabolism in Soil Systems | |
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| Microbial Abundance and Distribution in Soil | |
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| Techniques for Measuring Microbial Communities | |
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| Direct Measures of Numbers and Biomass | |
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| Indirect Measures of Biomass | |
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| Chemical Methods | |
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| The Chloroform Fumigation and Incubation (CFI) Technique | |
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| The Chloroform Fumigation and Extraction (CFE) Technique | |
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| Physiological Methods: SIR Technique | |
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| Additional Physiological Methods of Measuring Microbial Activity | |
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| Enzyme Assays and Measures of Biological Activities in Soils | |
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| Direct Methods of Determining Soil Microbial Activity | |
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| Soil Sterilization and Partial Sterilization Techniques | |
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| Conceptual Models of Microbes in Soil Systems | |
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| Root-Rhizosphere Microbe Models and Experiments | |
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| Soil Aggregation Models | |
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| Models: Organism and Process-Oriented | |
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| Summary | |
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| Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms--The Soil Fauna | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Microfauna | |
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| Methods for Extracting and Counting Protozoa | |
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| Distribution of Protozoa in Soil Profiles | |
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| Impacts of Protozoa on Ecosystem Function | |
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| The Mesofauna | |
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| Rotifera | |
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| Features of Body Plan and General Ecology | |
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| Nematoda | |
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| Nematode Feeding Habits | |
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| Nematode Zones of Activity in Soil | |
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| Nematode Extraction Techniques | |
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| Tardigrada | |
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| Microarthropods | |
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| Collembola | |
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| Families of Collembola | |
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| Population Growth and Reproduction | |
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| Collembolan Feeding Habits | |
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| Collembolan Impacts on Soil Ecosystems | |
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| Acari (Mites) | |
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| Oribatid Mites | |
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| Abundance and Diversity of Oribatid Mites | |
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| Population Growth | |
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| Oribatid Feeding Habits | |
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| Oribatid Impacts on Soil Ecosystems | |
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| Prostigmatic Mites | |
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| Mesostigmatic Mites | |
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| Astigmatic Mites | |
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| Other Microarthropods | |
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| Protura | |
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| Diplura | |
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| Microcoryphia | |
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| Pseudoscorpionida | |
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| Symphyla | |
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| Pauropoda | |
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| Enchytraeidae | |
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| The Macrofauna | |
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| Macroarthropods | |
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| Importance of the Macroarthropods | |
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| Isopoda | |
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| Diplopoda | |
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| Chilopoda | |
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| Scorpionida | |
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| Araneae | |
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| Opiliones | |
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| Solifugae | |
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| Uropygi | |
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| The Pterygote Insects | |
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| Coleoptera | |
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| Hymenoptera | |
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| Diptera | |
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| Isoptera | |
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| Other Pterygota | |
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| Gastropoda | |
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| Sampling Techniques for Gastropods | |
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| Oligochaeta--Earthworms | |
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| Earthworm Distribution and Abundance | |
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| Biology and Ecology | |
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| Influence on Soil Processes | |
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| Earthworm Management | |
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| Earthworm Sampling and Identification | |
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| General Attributes of Fauna in Soil Systems | |
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| Faunal Feedbacks on Microbial Community Composition and Diversity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Integrating Variables | |
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| Resource Quality, Climate, and Litter Breakdown | |
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| Dynamics of Litter Breakdown | |
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| Direct Measurement of Litter Breakdown | |
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| Patterns of Mass Loss During Decomposition | |
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| Effects of Fauna on Litter Breakdown Rates | |
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| Nutrient Movement During Decomposition | |
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| Nutrient Cycling Links in Soil Systems | |
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| Role of Soil Fauna in Organic Matter Dynamics and Nutrient Turnover | |
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| Faunal Impacts in Applied Ecology--Agroecosystems | |
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| Applied Ecology in Forested Ecosystems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Soil Food Webs: Detritivory and Microbivory in Soils | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physiological Ecology of Soil Organisms | |
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| Energy Available for Detrital Food Chains and Webs | |
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| Arenas of Interest | |
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| A Hierarchical Approach to Organisms in Soils | |
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| Future Research Prospects | |
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| Summary | |
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| Soil Biodiversity and Linkages to Soil Processes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biodiversity in Soils and Its Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystem Function | |
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| Heterogeneity of Carbon Substrates and Effects on Soil Biodiversity | |
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| Impacts of Species Richness on Ecosystem Function | |
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| Models, Microcosms, and Soil Biodiversity | |
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| Experimental Additions and Deletions in Soil Biodiversity Studies | |
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| Problems of Concern in Soil Biodiversity Studies | |
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| Why Is Soil Diversity So High? | |
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| Biogeographical Trends in Diversity of Soil Organisms | |
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| Future Developments in Soil Ecology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Roles of Soils in Carbon Sequestration | |
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| Roles of Soils in the Global Carbon Cycle | |
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| Problems in Modeling Soil Carbon Dynamics | |
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| Biological Interactions in Soils and Global Change | |
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| Ecology of Invasive Species in Soil Systems: An Increasing Problem in Soil Ecology | |
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| Soils and "Gaia": Possible Mechanisms for Evolution of "the Fitness of the Soil Environment?" | |
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| Soil Ecology in the Third Millennium | |
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| Laboratory and Field Exercises in Soil Ecology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Minirhizotron Studies | |
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| Principle | |
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| Description of a Minirhizotron | |
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| Installation of the Minirhizotrons | |
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| Observation and Recording | |
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| Getting Data from the Videotape | |
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| Tracing Technique | |
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| Automated Root Length Measures | |
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| Soil Respiration Studies | |
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| Principle | |
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| Materials and Supplies Needed | |
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| Procedure | |
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| Calculations | |
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| Litter Decomposition Studies | |
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| Principle | |
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| Litterbag Construction | |
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| Calculations | |
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| Analyses for Soil Microbial Biomass | |
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| The Chloroform-Fumigation K[subscript 2]SO[subscript 4]-Extraction Method | |
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| Principle | |
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| Preparation and Handling of Potassium Sulfate | |
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| Sample Preparation | |
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| Potassium Sulfate Extractions | |
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| Chloroform Fumigation | |
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| Chloroform Removal | |
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| Calculations | |
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| Sampling and Enumeration of Nematodes | |
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| Principle | |
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| Sampling Considerations | |
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| Sampling Tool and Precautions | |
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| Nematode Extraction: Baermann Funnel Method | |
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| Principle | |
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| Materials and Supplies Needed | |
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| Procedure | |
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| Killing and Fixing Nematodes with Hot and Cold Formalin (5%) | |
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| Materials and Supplies Needed | |
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| Procedure | |
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| Sampling and Enumeration of Microarthropods | |
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| Principle | |
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| Methods for the Study of Microarthropods | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Extraction of Microarthropods from Samples | |
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| Sample Sorting and Identification | |
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| Sampling and Enumeration of Macroarthropods | |
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| Principle | |
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| Methods for Sampling Macroarthropods | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Berlese or Tullgren Extraction | |
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| Flotation | |
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| Emergence Traps | |
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| Pitfall Trapping | |
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| Sampling and Enumeration of Earthworms | |
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| Principle | |
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| Collection of Earthworms | |
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| Passive Techniques | |
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| Behavioral Techniques | |
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| Indirect Techniques | |
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| Identification of Earthworms | |
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| Sampling and Enumeration of Enchytraeids | |
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| Principle | |
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| Collection of Enchytraeids | |
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| Identification of Enchytraeids | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |