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Contributors | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Water, Acids, Bases, and Buffers | |
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Properties of Water | |
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Buffers | |
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Measurement of pH | |
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H[superscript +] Concentration and pH | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Amino Acids | |
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L-[alpha]-Amino Acids: Structure | |
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Classification | |
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Electrolyte and Acid-Base Properties | |
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Chemical Reactions of Amino Acids | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Protein Isolation and Determination of Amino Acid Sequence | |
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Quantitative Determination of Proteins | |
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Determination of Primary Structure | |
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Separation of Proteins | |
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Capillary Electrophoresis | |
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Amino Acid Composition | |
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Amino Acid Sequence Determination | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins | |
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Attractive and Repulsive Forces in Proteins | |
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Primary Structure | |
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Secondary Structure | |
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Tertiary Structure | |
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Quaternary Structure | |
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Denaturation | |
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Protein Folding and Associated Diseases | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics, and Energy Metabolism | |
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Methods of Altering the Rate of Reactions | |
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Thermodynamics | |
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Standard Free Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP | |
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Chemical Kinetics | |
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Energy Metabolism | |
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Obesity | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Enzymes I: General Properties, Kinetics, and Inhibition | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Catalysis | |
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Kinetics of Enzymes Catalyzing Two-Substrate Reactions | |
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Inhibition | |
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Kinetics of Ligand-Receptor Interaction | |
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Mechanisms of Enzyme Action | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Enzymes II: Regulation | |
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Types of Regulation | |
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Allosteric Enzyme Regulation | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Enzymes III: Clinical Applications | |
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Diagnosis and Prognosis of Disease | |
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Serum Markers in the Diagnosis of Tissue Damage | |
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Enzymes as Analytical Reagents | |
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Enzymes as Therapeutic Agents | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Simple Carbohydrates | |
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Classification | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Heteropolysaccharides I: Glycoproteins and Glycolipids | |
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Glycoproteins | |
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Cell Membrane Constituents | |
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Cell-Surface Glycoproteins | |
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Serum Glycoproteins | |
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Molecular Mimicry of Oligosaccharides and Host Susceptibility | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Heteropolysaccharides II: Proteoglycans and Peptidoglycans | |
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Protein Fibers and Proteoglycans | |
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Peptidoglycans | |
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Lectins | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption | |
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Anatomy and Physiology of the GI Tract | |
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Gastrointestinal Hormones | |
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Digestion and Absorption of Major Food Substances | |
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Absorption of Water and Electrolytes | |
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Thermic Effect of Food | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Carbohydrate Metabolism I: Glycolysis and TCA Cycle | |
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Glycolysis | |
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Pyruvate Metabolism | |
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Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
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Mitochondrial Structure and Properties | |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
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Mitochondrial Energy States | |
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The Mitochondrial Genome | |
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Nuclear Control of Respiratory Chain Expression | |
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Mitochondrial Diseases | |
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Other Reducing-Equivalent Transport and Oxygen-Consuming Systems | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Carbohydrate Metabolism II: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown, and Alternative Pathways | |
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Gluconeogenesis | |
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Glycogen Metabolism | |
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Alternative Pathways of Glucose Metabolism and Hexose Interconversions | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Carbohydrate Metabolism III: Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, GPI Anchors, Proteoglycans, and Peptidoglycans | |
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Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins | |
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Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycans | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism | |
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Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids | |
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Metabolism of Ammonia | |
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Metabolism of Some Individual Amino Acids | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Lipids I: Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids | |
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Oxidation of Fatty Acids | |
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Metabolism of Ketone Bodies | |
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Metabolism of Ethanol | |
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Synthesis of Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids | |
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Metabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids | |
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Nonessential Fatty Acids | |
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Trans-Fatty Acids | |
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Essential Fatty Acids | |
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Metabolism of Eicosanoids | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Lipids II: Phospholipids, Glycosphingolipids, and Cholesterol | |
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Phospholipids | |
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Phospholipids and Glycosphingolipids in Clinical Medicine | |
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Cholesterol | |
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Bile Acids | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Lipids III: Plasma Lipoproteins | |
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Structure and Composition | |
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Metabolism | |
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Lipoprotein-Associated Disorders | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Muscle and Nonmuscle Contractile Systems | |
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Muscle Systems | |
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Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: Overview | |
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Energy Supply in Muscle | |
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Inherited Diseases of Muscle | |
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Nonmuscle Systems | |
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Drugs Affecting Microtubules | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Metabolic Homeostasis | |
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Metabolic Homeostasis | |
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Metabolic Roles of Organs | |
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Endocrine Pancreas and Pancreatic Hormones | |
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Stored Fuels | |
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Carbohydrate Homeostasis | |
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Lipid Homeostasis | |
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Protein Synthesis and Nitrogen Homeostasis | |
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Abnormalities of Metabolic Homeostasis | |
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Metabolic Homeostasis during Exercise | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Nucleic Acid Structure and Properties of DNA | |
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Components of Nucleic Acids | |
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Physical and Chemical Structure of DNA | |
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Denaturation of DNA | |
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Renaturation of DNA | |
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Repetitive DNA Sequences | |
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Degradation of DNA | |
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Diagnostic and Clinical Applications of DNA | |
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DNA Vaccines | |
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The Human Genome Project | |
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Genomics and Proteomics | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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DNA Replication, Repair, and Mutagenesis | |
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DNA Replication | |
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Enzymology of DNA Replication | |
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The Replication Fork | |
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Chromosome Replication | |
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DNA Repair | |
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DNA Mutation | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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RNA and Protein Synthesis | |
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Structure of RNA | |
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Messenger RNA | |
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Enzymatic Synthesis of RNA | |
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Prokaryotic Transcription | |
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Transcription in Eukaryotes | |
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Genetic Code | |
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Attachment of Amino Acid to tRNA Molecule | |
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Initiator tRNA Molecules and Selection of Initiation Codon | |
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Ribosomes | |
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Protein Synthesis | |
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Collagen Biosynthesis and Its Disorders | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Regulation of Gene Expression | |
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Regulation of mRNA | |
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Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes | |
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Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes | |
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Mechanisms of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes | |
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Regulation of Cell Death: Apoptosis | |
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Regulation of Cell Proliferation: Oncogenes | |
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Retroviruses and AIDS | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Nucleotide Metabolism | |
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One-Carbon Metabolism | |
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Formation of 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-Pyrophosphate | |
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Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides | |
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Conversion of Nucleoside Monophosphates to Diphosphates and Triphosphates | |
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Formation of Purine Deoxyribonucleotides | |
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Regulation of Purine Biosynthesis | |
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Inhibitors of Purine Biosynthesis | |
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Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides | |
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Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides | |
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Coordination of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis | |
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Catabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides | |
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Abnormalities of Pyrimidine Metabolism | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Hemoglobin | |
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Structure of Hemoglobins | |
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Functional Aspects of Hemoglobin | |
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Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin Structure and Synthesis | |
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Derivatives of Hemoglobin | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Metabolism of Iron and Heme | |
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Iron Metabolism | |
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Heme Biosynthesis | |
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Heme Catabolism | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Endocrine Metabolism I: Introduction | |
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Hormonal Amines | |
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Peptide, Protein, and Glycoprotein Hormones | |
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Steroid Hormones | |
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Mechanism of Hormone Action | |
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Types of Hormone Receptors | |
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Organization of the Endocrine System | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Endocrine Metabolism II: Hypothalamus and Pituitary | |
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Hypothalamus | |
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Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Endocrine Metabolism III: Adrenal Glands | |
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Adrenal Cortex | |
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Adrenal Medulla | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Endocrine Metabolism IV: Thyroid Gland | |
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Structure-Activity of Thyroid Hormones | |
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Thyroid Hormone Synthesis | |
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Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones | |
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Biological Actions of Thyroid Hormones | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Endocrine Metabolism V: Reproductive System | |
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Testes | |
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Ovaries | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Molecular Immunology | |
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Innate Immunity | |
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Acquired or Adaptive Immunity | |
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Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity | |
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Distinguishing Self from Nonself | |
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Molecules and Chemical Processes of the Immune System | |
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Immunoglobulin Structure and Function | |
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B-Cell Clonal Selection and Proliferation | |
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Antibody Diversity and Immunoglobulin Genes | |
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes | |
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Complement | |
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Cytokines | |
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Vaccines | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Biochemistry of Hemostasis | |
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Primary Hemostasis | |
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Secondary Hemostasis | |
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Functional Properties and Structures of the Hemostatic System Factors (Proteins) | |
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Clotting | |
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The Procoagulant Subsystem of Coagulation | |
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The Extrinsic Pathway | |
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The Intrinsic Pathway | |
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Anticoagulant Subsystem--Activation of Protein C and Inactivation of Factors Va and VIIIa | |
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Fibrinolytic Subsystem | |
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Vitamin K, Oral Anticoagulants, and Their Mechanisms of Action | |
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Coagulation Factor Measurements | |
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Case Studies | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Mineral Metabolism | |
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Calcium and Phosphorus | |
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Magnesium | |
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Nonessential Trace Elements | |
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Metallothioneins | |
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Essential Trace Elements | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Vitamin Metabolism | |
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Fat-Soluble Vitamins | |
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Water-Soluble Vitamins | |
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Vitamin-Responsive Inherited Metabolic Disorders | |
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Vitamin-like Substances | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance | |
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Water Metabolism | |
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Homeostatic Controls | |
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Water and Osmolality Controls | |
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Electrolyte Balance | |
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Acid-Base Balance | |
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Supplemental Readings and References | |
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Appendixes | |
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Index | |