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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Marine Mammals--"What Are They?" | |
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| Adaptations for Aquatic Life | |
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| Scope and Use of This Book | |
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| Time Scale | |
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| Early Observations of Marine Mammals | |
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| Emergence of Marine Mammal Science | |
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| Further Reading and Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Evolutionary History | |
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| Systematics and Classification | |
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| Introduction: Systematics--What Is It and Why Do It? | |
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| Some Basic Terminology and Concepts | |
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| How Do You Do Cladistics? | |
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| Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses | |
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| Going Beyond the Phylogenetic Framework | |
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| Taxonomy and Classification | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Pinniped Evolution and Systematics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origin and Evolution | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Cetacean Evolution and Systematics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origin and Evolution | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origin and Evolution of Sirenians | |
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| The Extinct Sirenian Relatives--Desmostylia | |
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| The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran, Kolponomos | |
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| The Extinct Aquatic Sloth, Thalassocnus natans | |
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| The Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris | |
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| The Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Evolutionary Biogeography | |
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| Introduction--What Is Biogeography and Why Is It Important? | |
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| Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals | |
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| Present Patterns of Distribution | |
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| Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns | |
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| Past Patterns of Distribution | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Behavior | |
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| Integumentary, Sensory, and Urinary Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Integumentary System | |
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| Nerves and Sense Organs | |
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| Urinary System | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pinnipeds | |
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| Cetaceans | |
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| Sirenians | |
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| Sea Otter | |
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| Polar Bear | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Respiration, Diving, and Breath-Hold Physiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Problems of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders | |
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| Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving | |
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| Diving Biochemistry and Metabolism | |
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| Do Marine Mammals Have High Metabolic Rates? | |
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| Metabolism and Physiological Responses to Breath Holding in Seals | |
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| Functions of Diving Behavior | |
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| Phylogenetic Implications of Diving Patterns in Pinnipeds | |
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| Diving and Breath-Holding Patterns in Whales | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Sound Production for Communication, Echolocation, and Prey Capture | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Reception | |
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| Functions of Sound for Marine Mammals | |
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| ATOC and Related Programs | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Diet, Foraging Structures, and Strategies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance | |
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| General Diet, Mechanisms, and Strategies for Prey Capture | |
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| Feeding Specializations of Pinnipeds | |
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| Diet, Mechanisms, and Strategies for Prey Capture in Whales | |
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| Feeding Specializations of Sirenians | |
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| Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Mating, Breeding, and Social Organization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pinniped Mating Systems | |
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| Cetacean Mating Systems | |
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| Sirenian Mating Systems | |
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| Other Marine Mammals | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Reproductive Structures, Patterns, and Strategies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System | |
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| Reproductive Patterns | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Population Structure and Population Dynamics | |
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| Introduction: Some Population Parameters and Life History Characteristics | |
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| Techniques for Monitoring Populations | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Exploitation and Conservation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Commercial Exploitation of Marine Mammals | |
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| Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection | |
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| Incidental Taking of Marine Mammals | |
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| Environmental Contaminants | |
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| Strandings | |
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| Ecotourism | |
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| Progress and the Future | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Classification of Marine Mammals | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |