| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Contributors | |
| |
| |
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| Optical Fibers for Broadband Lightwave Communication: Evolutionary Trends in Designs | |
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| |
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| Introduction | |
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| |
| Optical Transparency | |
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| |
| |
| Loss Spectrum | |
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| |
| Dispersion Spectrum | |
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| |
| |
| Dispersion Shifted Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| Emergence of Fiber Amplifiers and Dwdm Systems | |
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| |
| |
| EDFAs | |
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| |
| |
| DWDM | |
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| |
| |
| Fibers for DWDM Transmission | |
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| |
| |
| Dispersion Compensating Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| Reverse/Inverse Dispersion Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| Fibers for Metro Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing | |
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| |
| |
| Combating Pmd in a Fiber | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recent Development of a Polymer Optical Fiber and its Applications | |
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| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
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| |
| |
| Types of POFs | |
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| PMMA Fiber | |
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| |
| Deuterated PMMA POF | |
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| Perfluorinated POF | |
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| |
| |
| Manufacture of POFs | |
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| |
| |
| Preform and Drawing Method | |
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| |
| |
| Extrusion Method | |
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| |
| |
| Comparison Between Silica Fiber and Polymer Fiber | |
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| |
| |
| Difference in Diameters | |
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| |
| |
| Minimum Bend Radius | |
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| |
| |
| Numerical Aperture | |
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| |
| |
| Fiber Bandwidth | |
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| |
| |
| Applications of POFs | |
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| |
| |
| Communication | |
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| |
| |
| Illumination | |
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| |
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| Polymer Fiber Gratings | |
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| |
| Segmented Cladding POF | |
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| |
| |
| Dye-Doped Polymer Fiber Amplifier | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
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| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microstructured Optical Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| |
| Fibers With Micron-Scale Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Optical Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinearity Tailoring | |
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| |
| |
| Dispersion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polarization | |
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| |
| |
| Air-Light Overlap | |
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| |
| |
| Fabrication Approaches | |
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| |
| |
| Preform Fabrication | |
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| |
| |
| Fiber Drawing | |
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| |
| |
| State-of-the-Art | |
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| |
| |
| Fiber Design Methodologies | |
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| |
| Effective Index Methods | |
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| |
| Structural Methods | |
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| |
| |
| Predicting Confinement Loss | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silica Hfs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Small-Core Fibers for Nonlinear Devices | |
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| |
| |
| Large-Mode Area Fibers for High Power Applications | |
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| |
| |
| Active Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| Soft Glass Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| Background | |
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| |
| Extreme Nonlinearity | |
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| |
| |
| New Transmission Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| Solid Microstrutured Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| PBGFs | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusion and The Future | |
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| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photonic Bandgap-Guided Bragg Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bragg Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| Bandgap in One-Dimensional Periodic Medium | |
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| |
| |
| Light Propagation in Bragg Fibers | |
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| |
| |
| Modal Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dispersion Compensating Bragg Fiber | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bragg Fibers for Metro Networks | |
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| |
| |
| Fabrication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
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| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radial Effective Index Method for the Analysis of Microstructured Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Reim | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulation of the Method | |
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| |
| |
| Determination of the Effective Index Profile | |
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| |
| |
| Segmented Cladding Fiber | |
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| |
| |
| Holey Fiber | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgment | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Important Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Third-Order Nonlinear Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| SPM | |
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| |
| |
| Propagation of a Pulse | |
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| |
| |
| Spectral Broadening due to SPM | |
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| |
| |
| XPM | |
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| |
| |
| FWM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Optic Parametric Amplifiers for Lightwave Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theory of Fwm | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single-Pump Parametric Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dual Pump Parametric Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluctuations of Zdwl | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Residual Fiber Birefringence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| EDFA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Population Inversion and Optical Amplification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Amplification in EDFAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gain Flattening of EDFAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gain Flattening Using External Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intrinsically Flat Gain Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise in Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| EDFAs for the S-Band | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Optic Raman Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Raman Gain Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gain Saturation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modern Raman Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Broadband Raman Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design of Raman Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Limiting Factors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spontaneous Raman Scattering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effective Noise Figure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rayleigh Backscattering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pump-Noise Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effects of PMD | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amplification of Optical Pulses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulse-Propagation Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effects of Group-Velocity Mismatch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anomalous Dispersion Regime | |
| |
| |
| |
| Normal Dispersion Regime | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application of Numerical Analysis Techniques for the Optimization of Wideband Amplifier Performances | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Foreword | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power Efficiency: L-Band EDFA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pump Wavelength Detuning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Structural Detuning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gain Engineering: Raman Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementation of the Closed Form Raman Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application Example 1: Gain Prediction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application Example 2: Raman Gain Engineering-The Inverse Scattering Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application Example 3: Channel Reconfiguration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application Example 4: Analytic Solution for the Gain Clamping Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transient Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Average Inversion Analysis of TDFA Transient: Comparison with Experiment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analog/Digital Transmission with High-Power Fiber Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experiment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analog Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hybrid Digital/Analog Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gain Tilt Measurement of the Er/Yb Co-Doped DCFA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Results | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers for Dynamic Optical Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| EDFAS for High Capacity Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Characteristics of EDFAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Network Related Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Edfas for Dynamic Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gain Dynamics of Single EDFA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fast Power Transients in EDFA Chains | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Impairments due to Transients | |
| |
| |
| |
| Channel Protection Schemes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fused Fiber Couplers: Fabrication, Modeling, and Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fabrication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mode Analysis Algorithm | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modeling the Propagation in the Coupling Region | |
| |
| |
| |
| Supermodes and Beating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polarization Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Results and Discussions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications: Ffc-Based All-Fiber Components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beam Splitter/Combiner | |
| |
| |
| |
| WDM Coupler | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principle of Operation of Classical WDM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wavelength Interleaver | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Loop Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Side-Polished Evanescently Coupled Optical Fiber Overlay Devices: A Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles of Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Devices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Fiber Gratings | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Bragg Gratings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coupled-Mode Theory for FBG | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Matched Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonphase Matched Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Applications of Fbgs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Add/Drop Multiplexers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dispersion Compensation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Long Period Gratings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coupled-Mode Theory for LPG | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Applications of LPGs | |
| |
| |
| |
| WDM Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Broadband LPGs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gain Flattening of EDFAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enhancing Photosensitivity in Optical Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uv Sensitization of Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Ge Concentration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermal Stability of Bragg Gratings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indication of Recirculating Catalyst | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dilute H[subscript 2] Sensitization of Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison with Standard H[subscript 2]-Loaded Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Diluent Gas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solitons in Fiber Bragg Grating | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Fiber Communications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soliton-Based OFC | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Loss | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chromatic Dispersion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kerr Nonlinearity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Self-Steepening | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stimulated Inelastic Scattering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Birefringence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Solitons in Pure Silica Fiber | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Solitons in FBG? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of FBG | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Grating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of FBG | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solitons in FBG | |
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| |
| |
| Map Solitons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gap Solitons in Kerr Media | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gap Solitons in Quadratic Media | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bloch Wave Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bragg Grating Solitons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Results and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experimental Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advances in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing/Demultiplexing Technologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Key Performance Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thin Film Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arrayed Waveguide Gratings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Bragg Gratings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Interleavers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dispersion-Tailored Higher Order Mode Fibers for In-Fiber Photonic Devices | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dispersive Properties of Fewmode Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mode Conversion with LPGs: Device Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| LPGs in Dispersion-Tailored Fewmode Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Broadband Mode Converters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandwidth Control of TAP-LPGs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spectrally Flat Coupling for VOA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Static Devices Using TAP-LPGs | |
| |
| |
| |
| HOM-DCM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dispersionless Bandpass Filtering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tunable LPGs in Hom Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amplitude Modulation: Novel Detuning Effects in TAP-LPGs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Switching and Routing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tunable TAP-LPG Devices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tunable/Adjustable HOM-DCMs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polarizers and PDL Controllers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acousto-Optic Interaction in Few-Mode Optical Fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acoustic Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acousto-Optic Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experimental Setup | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Shifter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wavelength Dependence and Tunable Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Nonuniformity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scanning Heterodyne Interferometer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Industrialization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Theory and Design Procedures for Arrayed Waveguide Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arrayed Waveguide Lens | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Star Coupler | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waveguide Grating Router | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mutual Coupling-Induced Aberrations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example Design: Demultiplexer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example Design: Band Demultiplexer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photobleached Gratings in Electro-Optic Waveguide Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrated Optics In EO Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| The EO Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Glass Transition Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Poling Lifetime Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| High Temperature Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photobleaching Dye-Doped Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Experiments | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Theory of Radiation-Induced Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Photobleaching Model for Dye-Doped Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Effects of Photobleaching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffraction Gratings in Dye-Doped Waveguide Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffraction Efficiency of Thin Sinusoidal Gratings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing Gratings in Waveguide Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Study of Transient Gratings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Describing the Grating Formation Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Irreversible Gratings in Waveguide Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical MEMS using Commercial Foundries | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Choppers for Fiber Optic Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fabrication of MEMS Chopper | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Design Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Design Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experimental Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three-Dimensional Variable Optical Attenuator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Self-Assembly Applied to a MEMS VOA | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Device Fabrication | |
| |
| |
| |
| VOA Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hybrid Tunable Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Component Characteristics and Fabrication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experiments and Results | |
| |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Principles of Fiber Optic Sensors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fiber Optic Sensors: The Basic Principle | |
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| Fiber Optics in Physical Sensing | |
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| Chemical Sensors | |
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| Chemical Sensors: Some Application Case Studies | |
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| Multiplexed Fiber Optic Spectroscopy | |
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| Olive Oil | |
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| Distributed Chemical Sensing | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Structural Strain and Temperature Measurements Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Strain Measurement in a Composite-Strengthened Concrete Bar | |
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| Dynamic Strain measurement of a Composite Sample Using an Embedded Fbg Sensor | |
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| Temperature Measurement on a Heated Cylinder in a Cross-Flow | |
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| Multi-Point Strain Measurement of Kowloon Canton Railway Train Body Shell | |
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| Summary | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Principles and Status of Actively Researched Optical Fiber Sensors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fiber Grating Sensors | |
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| Fiber Optic Gyroscopes | |
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| Fiber Optic Current Sensors | |
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| Other Sensors | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Author Biography | |
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| Index | |