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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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Human Osteology | |
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A Guide to the Manual | |
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Resources for the Osteologist | |
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Identifying Bones | |
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Field Procedures for Skeletal Remains | |
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Search | |
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Discovery | |
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Excavation and Retrieval | |
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Transport | |
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Ethics in Osteology | |
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Ethics in Forensic Osteology | |
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Boundaries of Evidence | |
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The Expert Witness | |
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Ethics in Archeological Osteology | |
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Ethics in Collision | |
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NAGPRA and Its Effects | |
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The Future | |
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Bone Biology & Variation | |
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Variation | |
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A Few Facts about Bone | |
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Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System | |
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Gross Anatomy of Bones | |
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Molecular Structure of Bone | |
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Histology and Metabolism of Bone | |
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Bone Growth | |
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Bone Repair | |
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Postmortem Skeletal Modification | |
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Bone Fracture | |
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Bone Modification by Physical Agents | |
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Chemistry | |
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Rock, Earth, and Ice | |
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Abrasion | |
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Fire | |
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Bone Modification by Nonhuman Biological Agents | |
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Nonhuman Animal | |
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Plant | |
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Bone Modification by Humans | |
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Cut marks, Chop marks, and Scrape marks | |
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Percussion Marks | |
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Projectiles | |
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Anatomical Terminology | |
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Planes of Reference | |
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Directional Terms | |
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General | |
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Teeth | |
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Hands and Feet | |
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Motions of the Body | |
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General | |
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Hands and Feet | |
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General Bone Features | |
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Projections and Parts | |
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Depressions | |
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Skull | |
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Handling the Skull | |
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Elements of the Skull | |
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Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses | |
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Skull Orientation | |
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Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy | |
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Frontal | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Parietals | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Temporals | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Auditory Ossicles | |
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Occipital | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Maxillae | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Palatines | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Vomer | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Inferior Nasal Conchae | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Ethmoid | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Lacrimals | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Nasals | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Zygomatics | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Sphenoid | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Mandible | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Dentition | |
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Dental Form and Function | |
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Dental Terminology | |
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Anatomy of a Tooth | |
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Tooth Identification | |
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To Which Category (Class) Does the Tooth Belong? | |
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Incisors | |
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Canines | |
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Premolars | |
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Molars | |
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Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous? | |
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Diagnostic Criteria | |
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Special Cases | |
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Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower? | |
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Upper versus Lower Incisors | |
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Upper versus Lower Canines | |
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Upper versus Lower Premolars | |
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Upper versus Lower Molars | |
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Where in the Arch Is the Tooth Located? | |
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Upper Incisors: I[superscript 1] versus I[superscript 2] | |
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Lower Incisors: I[subscript 1] versus I[subscript 2] | |
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Upper Premolars: P[superscript 3] versus P[superscript 4] | |
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Lower Premolars: P[subscript 3] versus P[subscript 4] | |
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Upper Molars: M[superscript 1] versus M[superscript 2] versus M[superscript 3] | |
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Lower Molars: M[subscript 1] versus M[subscript 2] versus M[subscript 3] | |
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Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side? | |
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Upper Incisors | |
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Lower Incisors | |
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Upper Canines | |
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Lower Canines | |
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Upper Premolars | |
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Lower Premolars | |
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Upper Molars | |
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Lower Molars | |
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Hyoid & Vertebrae | |
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Hyoid | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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General Characteristics of Vertebrae | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Cervical Vertebrae | |
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Identification | |
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Special Cervical Vertebrae | |
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Siding | |
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Thoracic Vertebrae | |
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Identification | |
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Special Thoracic Vertebrae | |
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Siding | |
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Lumbar Vertebrae | |
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Identification | |
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Identifying Lumbar Position | |
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Siding | |
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Thorax: Sternum & Ribs | |
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Sternum | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Ribs | |
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Anatomy | |
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Special Ribs | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Shoulder Girdle: Clavicle & Scapula | |
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Clavicle | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Scapula | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Arm: Humerus, Radius, & Ulna | |
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Humerus | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Radius | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Ulna | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals, & Phalanges | |
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Carpals | |
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Scaphoid | |
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Lunate | |
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Triquetral | |
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Pisiform | |
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Trapezium (Greater Multangular) | |
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Trapezoid (Lesser Multangular) | |
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Capitate | |
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Hamate | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Metacarpals | |
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First Metacarpal (Thumb) | |
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Second Metacarpal | |
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Third Metacarpal | |
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Fourth Metacarpal | |
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Fifth Metacarpal | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Hand Phalanges | |
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Proximal Hand Phalanges | |
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Intermediate Hand Phalanges | |
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Distal Hand Phalanges | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Pelvic Girdle: Sacrum, Coccyx, & Os Coxae | |
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Sacrum | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Coccyx | |
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Os Coxae | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Leg: Femur, Patella, Tibia, & Fibula | |
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Femur | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Patella | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Tibia | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Fibula | |
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Anatomy | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, & Phalanges | |
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Tarsals | |
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Talus | |
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Calcaneus | |
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Cuboid | |
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Navicular | |
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Medial (First) Cuneiform | |
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Intermediate (Second) Cuneiform | |
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Lateral (Third) Cuneiform | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Metatarsals | |
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First Metatarsal | |
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Second Metatarsal | |
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Third Metatarsal | |
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Fourth Metatarsal | |
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Fifth Metatarsal | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Foot Phalanges | |
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Proximal Foot Phalanges | |
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Intermediate Foot Phalanges | |
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Distal Foot Phalanges | |
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Growth | |
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Possible Confusion | |
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Siding | |
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Osteological & Dental Pathology | |
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Trauma | |
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Fracture | |
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Dislocation | |
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Artificial Deformation | |
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Trephination and Amputation | |
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Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations | |
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Osteomyelitis | |
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Periostitis | |
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Tuberculosis | |
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Treponemal Infections | |
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Circulatory Disturbances and Hematopoietic Disorders | |
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Metabolic and Hormonal Imbalance | |
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Scurvy | |
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Rickets | |
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Osteoporosis | |
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Endocrine Disturbances and Dysplasias | |
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Tumors | |
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Arthritis | |
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Osteoarthritis | |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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Ankylosing Spondylitis | |
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Dental Pathology | |
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Caries | |
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Dental Hypoplasia | |
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Periodontal Disease | |
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Dental Calculus | |
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Artificial Dental Modification | |
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Occupation | |
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Laboratory Procedures & Reporting | |
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Setting | |
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Preservation | |
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Preparation | |
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Restoration | |
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Sorting | |
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Metric Acquisition and Analysis | |
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Molecular Osteology | |
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Sampling | |
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DNA and PCR | |
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Contamination | |
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Taphonomy of DNA | |
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Molding and Casting | |
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Photography | |
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Equipment | |
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Exposure and Film (or other recording media) | |
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Lighting and Setup | |
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Legal Considerations | |
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Radiography | |
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Microscopy | |
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Computing | |
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Reporting | |
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Curation | |
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The Skeletal Biology of Individuals & Populations | |
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Accuracy and Precision of Estimation | |
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From Known to Unknown | |
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Estimation of Age | |
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Estimating Subadult Age from Dentition | |
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Estimating Adult Age from Dentition | |
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Estimating Adult Age from Cranial Suture Closure | |
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Estimating Subadult Age from Long-Bone Length | |
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Estimating Subadult Age from Epiphyseal Closure | |
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Estimating Adult Age from the Pubic Symphysis Surface | |
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Parturition Changes at the Pubic Symphysis | |
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Estimating Adult Age from the Auricular Surface of the Ilium | |
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Estimating Adult Age from the Sternal Rib End | |
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Estimating Adult Age by Radiographic Analysis | |
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Estimating Adult Age from Bone Microstructure | |
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Multifactorial Age Estimation | |
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Determination of Sex | |
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Sexing the Skull and Dentition | |
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Sexing the Postcranial Skeleton | |
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Estimation of Stature | |
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Estimation of Ancestry | |
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Identifying the Individual | |
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Discrete Traits | |
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Dental Nonmetric Variation | |
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Cranial Nonmetric Variation | |
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Postcranial Nonmetric Variation | |
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Estimating Biological Distance | |
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Diet | |
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Disease and Demography | |
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Glossary | |
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Web Review | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |