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| Preface | |
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| Adult Female and Male Reproductive Systems | |
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| Endocrinology, Brain and Pituitary Gland | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Endocrine System | |
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| Science of Endocrinology | |
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| Hormones | |
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| Receptors | |
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| Synthetic Hormones | |
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| The Pituitary Gland | |
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| Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial Connection | |
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| Adenohypophysis | |
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| Hypothalamo-Adenohypophysial Connection | |
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| Releasing and Release-Inhibiting Hormones | |
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| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone | |
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| GnRH Analogs | |
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| The GnRH Pulse Generator and Surge Center | |
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| Kallmann's Syndrome and the Embryological Origin and Migration of GnRH Cells | |
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| Pineal Gland | |
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| Feedback Control of Gonadotropin Secretion | |
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| Control of Prolactin Secretion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| The Female Reproductive System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ovaries | |
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| The Estrogen Epidemic | |
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| Oviducts | |
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| Uterus | |
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| Vagina | |
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| Female External Genitalia | |
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| Mammary Glands | |
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| Xenoestrogens and Breast Cancer | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| The Menstrual Cycle | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Reproductive Cycles in Mammals | |
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| Major Events in the Menstrual Cycle | |
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| The Menstrual Cycle in Detail | |
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| Why Women Menstruate | |
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| Variations in Length of Menstrual Cycle Phases | |
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| Methods for Detecting Ovulation | |
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| Premenstrual Syndrome | |
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| Menstrual Difficulties | |
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| Absence of Menstruation | |
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| Body Fat and Secondary Amenorrhea | |
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| Menstrual Taboos | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| The Male Reproductive System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Testes | |
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| Estrogens Are Male Sex Hormones | |
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| Male Sex Accessory Ducts and Glands | |
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| Penis | |
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| Scrotum | |
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| Why a Scrotum? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Sexual Differentiation and Development | |
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| Sexual Differentiation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chromosomal Sex | |
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| X Chromosome | |
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| Y Chromosome | |
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| Why the Y Chromosome? | |
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| Development of the Reproductive System | |
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| Gonadal Sex Differentiation | |
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| Differentiation of Sex Accessory Ducts and Glands | |
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| Differentiation of External Genitalia | |
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| Summary of Sexual Determination and Development | |
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| Disorders of Sexual Determination and Development | |
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| Guevedoces | |
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| Reproductive System in the Newborn | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Puberty | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Puberty and Its Timing | |
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| Gonadal Changes from Birth to Puberty | |
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| Hormone Levels from Birth to Puberty | |
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| Environmental Factors and Puberty | |
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| Early Childhood Stress and Sexual Maturation | |
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| Inheritance and Age of Puberty | |
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| Puberty Genes | |
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| Puberty and Psychosocial Adjustment | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Reproductive Aging | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Menopause | |
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| Timing of Menopause | |
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| Female Reproductive Age | |
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| Egg Aging | |
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| Perimenopause | |
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| Premature Menopause | |
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| Symptoms of Menopause | |
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| Endocrine Changes during Menopause | |
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| Chance of Pregnancy | |
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| The Evolution of Menopause in Humans | |
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| Osteoporosis and Other Postmenopausal Disorders | |
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| Treatments for Menopause: Benefits and Risks | |
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| Andropause | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Procreation | |
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| The Human Sexual Response | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sex Roles | |
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| Sexual Arousal | |
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| The Sexual Response Cycle | |
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| Coitus (Sexual Intercourse) | |
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| Hormones and Sexual Behavior | |
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| Human Pheromones and the Vomeronasal Organ | |
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| Human Mating Systems | |
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| Sexual Dysfunction | |
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| Drugs and Human Sexual Behavior | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Gamete Transport and Fertilization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Semen Release | |
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| Contents of Seminal Plasma | |
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| Sperm Number and Structure | |
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| Sperm Transport and Maturation in the Female Reproductive Tract | |
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| Transport of the Sperm and Ovum in the Oviduct | |
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| Sperm Capacitation and Activation | |
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| Does the Human Egg Court Sperm? | |
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| The Process of Fertilization | |
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| Sperm Hitchhikers | |
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| Chemical Inhibition of Fertilization | |
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| Sex Ratios | |
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| Sex Preselection | |
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| Multiple Embryos | |
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| Parthenogenesis | |
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| Chromosomal Aberrations | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Pregnancy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Pregnancy? | |
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| Signs of Pregnancy | |
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| Pregnancy Tests | |
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| What to Do If You Are Pregnant | |
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| The Process of Pregnancy | |
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| Trading of Cells between Fetus and Mom during Pregnancy | |
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| Maternal and Paternal Genetic Imprinting | |
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| Twin Pregnancies | |
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| Embryonic and Fetal Development | |
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| Fetal Disorders | |
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| The Adaptive Value of Morning Sickness | |
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| Fetal Evaluation | |
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| The Pregnant Woman | |
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| Chances for a Successful Pregnancy | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Labor and Birth | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Time of Birth | |
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| Hormones and Birth | |
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| The Placental Clock | |
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| Induced Labor | |
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| Preparation for Labor | |
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| The Birth Process | |
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| Premature Births | |
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| Multiple Births | |
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| Difficult Fetal Positions | |
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| Handling Difficult Births | |
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| Use of Medications during Labor | |
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| Natural Birthing Methods | |
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| Why Is Human Birth So Difficult? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| The Neonate and the New Parents | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Treatment of the Newborn | |
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| Adaptations of the Newborn | |
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| What a Newborn Looks Like | |
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| Disorders of the Newborn | |
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| Back to Sleep | |
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| Condition of the New Mother | |
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| Breast-Feeding | |
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| The Duration of Breast-Feeding | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Fertility and its Control | |
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| Human Population Growth and Family Planning | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Biology of Population Growth | |
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| Human Population Growth | |
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| World Contraceptive Use and Fertility Rates | |
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| Effects of Overpopulation | |
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| Will Science and Technology Save Us? | |
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| Family Planning and Population Control | |
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| Government-Enforced Population Control in China | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Contraception | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Combination Pill | |
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| Minipill | |
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| Where Is the Male Birth Control Pill? | |
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| Intradermal Progestogen Implants | |
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| Injectable Hormones | |
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| Transdermal Hormone Delivery | |
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| Emergency Contraception | |
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| Intrauterine Devices | |
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| Spermicides | |
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| Future Contraceptive Methods | |
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| Diaphragm | |
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| Cervical Cap | |
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| Sponge Contraceptive | |
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| Male and Female Condoms | |
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| Coitus Interruptus | |
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| Coitus Reservatus and Coitus Obstructus | |
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| Natural Family Planning | |
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| Is Breast-Feeding a Contraceptive Measure? | |
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| Surgical Sterilization | |
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| Psychology of Contraceptive Avoidance | |
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| Choosing a Contraceptive | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Induced Abortion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Induced Abortion in the United States | |
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| Why Women Have Abortions | |
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| The History and Ethics of Induced Abortion | |
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| First Trimester-Induced Abortions | |
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| The Early Abortion Pill in the United States | |
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| Second Trimester Induced Abortions | |
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| Third Trimester-Induced Abortions | |
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| Folk Abortifacients | |
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| Safety and Consequences of Induced Abortion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Infertility | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Seeking Medical Help for Infertility | |
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| Female Infertility | |
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| Seasonal Changes in the Ability to Conceive | |
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| Male Infertility | |
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| Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) | |
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| Costs of Assisted Reproductive Technologies | |
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| Adoption | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Special Topics in Human Reproductive Biology | |
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| Brain Sex | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biological Causes of Brain Sex Differences | |
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| Sex Differences in Neonatal Behavior | |
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| Sex Differences in Childhood Behavior | |
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| Sex Differences in Adult Cognition and Motor Skills | |
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| Evolution of Sex Differences in Problem-Solving Skills | |
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| Brain Sex Differences in the "Surge Center" | |
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| Brain Sex and Human Sexual Behavior | |
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| Brain Sex and Gender Identity | |
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| Sex Differences in Aggression | |
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| The Meaning of Brain Measurements | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Bacteria and Viruses | |
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| Gonorrhea | |
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| Syphilis | |
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| Chlamydia | |
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| Genital Herpes | |
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| Genital Warts | |
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| Trichomoniasis | |
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| Viral Hepatitis B | |
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| Pediculosis Pubis | |
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| Scabies | |
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| Lymphogranuloma Venereum | |
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| Chancroid | |
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| Molluscum Contagiosum | |
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| Granuloma Inguinale | |
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| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | |
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| Origins of the HIV Viruses | |
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| Attacking the HIV Virus | |
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| Some General Aspects of Venereal Disease Infections | |
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| Psychological Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Disease | |
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| Preventing Sexually Transmitted Disease | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Advanced Reading | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Illustration and Table Credits | |
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| Index | |