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Preface | |
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Introductory and Background Material | |
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Scope and Goals of the Text | |
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Historical Perspective | |
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Organization and Limitations | |
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Structure of the Neutral Atmosphere and the Main Ionosphere | |
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D-Region Fundamentals | |
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The Earth's Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere | |
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References | |
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Fundamentals of Atmospheric, Ionospheric, and Magnetospheric Plasma Dynamics | |
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The Basic Fluid Equations | |
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Conservation of Mass | |
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Equation of State | |
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Momentum Equation for the Neutral Fluid | |
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Momentum Equations for the Plasma | |
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The Complete Equation Sets | |
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Steady-State Ionospheric Plasma Motions Due to Applied Forces | |
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Generation of Electric Fields | |
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Electric Field Mapping | |
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Elements of Magnetospheric Physics | |
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The Guiding Center Equations and the Adiabatic Invariants | |
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Magnetohydrodynamics | |
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Are Ionospheric Electric Fields Real? | |
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Coordinate Systems | |
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References | |
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Dynamics and Electrodynamics of the Equatorial Zone | |
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Motions of the Equatorial F Region: The Database | |
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The Equatorial F-Region Dynamo | |
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E-Region Dynamo Theory and the Daytime Equatorial Electrojet | |
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Further Complexities of Equatorial Electrodynamics | |
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The Prereversal Enhancement | |
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High-Latitude Effects on the Equatorial Electric Field | |
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Feedback Between Electrodynamics and Thermospheric Winds | |
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Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Dynamics | |
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Atmospheric Winds in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere | |
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A Primer on Turbulence and the Turbopause | |
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References | |
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Equatorial Plasma Instabilities and Mesospheric Turbulence | |
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F-Region Plasma Instabilities: Observations | |
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Development and Initiation of Convective Equatorial Ionospheric Storms (a.k.a. Equatorial Spread F) | |
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Linear Theory of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability | |
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The Generalized Rayleigh-Taylor Process: Electric Fields, Neutral Winds, and Horizontal Gradients | |
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The Seeding of Convective Ionospheric Storms by Gravity Waves | |
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Role of Velocity Shear in Convective Ionospheric Storms | |
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Summary of Linear Theory Results | |
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Nonlinear Theories of Convective Ionospheric Storms | |
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Two-Dimensional Computer Simulations | |
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Simulations Including Seeding and Shear | |
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Summary of Nonlinear Theory Results | |
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Linkage of Large and Small Scales in CEIS | |
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Evidence for a Diffusive Subrange | |
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The Diffusive Subrange | |
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Toward a Unified Theory for the Convective Equatorial Ionospheric Storm Spectrum | |
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Convective Equatorial Ionospheric Storm Summary | |
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E-Region Plasma Instabilities: The Observational Data Base | |
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Linear Theories of Electrojet Instabilities | |
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Nonlinear Theories of Electrojet Instabilities | |
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Two-Step Theories for Secondary Waves | |
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On the Observations That the Phase Velocity of Type I Equatorial Waves Is Independent of Angle | |
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Nonlinear Gradient Drift Theories | |
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Nonlinear Studies of Farley-Buneman (FB) Waves | |
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D-Region Turbulence | |
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Future Directions | |
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References | |
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Hydro-and Electrodynamics of the Midlatitude Ionosphere | |
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Introduction to the Tropical and Midlatitude Ionospheres | |
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Background Material | |
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On the Height of the Daytime F2 Layer | |
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Equations Including Vertical Flux Without Winds or Electric Fields | |
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F-Layer Solutions with Production, Diffusion, and Flux | |
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More General Nighttime Solutions | |
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The Appleton Anomaly: An Equatorial Electric Field Effect | |
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The Corotation Electric Field and Formation of the Plasmasphere | |
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Electric Fields in the Tropical and Midlatitude Zone | |
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Electric Field Measurements | |
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Neutral Wind Effects | |
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Combined Effects of Electric Fields and Neutral Winds | |
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Complexities of the Real Nighttime Tropical Ionosphere | |
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The Transition Zone Between Mid-and High Latitudes | |
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Midlatitude Lower Thermosphere Dynamics | |
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Tidal Effects | |
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Wind Profiles | |
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References | |
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Waves and Instabilities at Midlatitudes | |
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Mesoscale Vertical Organization of Ionospheric Plasma: General Considerations | |
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Oscillations of the Neutral Atmosphere | |
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Role of Gravity Waves and Tides in Creating Vertical Ionospheric Structure | |
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Effects of Particle Precipitation at Midlatitudes | |
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Horizontal Structure in the Midlatitude Ionosphere | |
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Midlatitude F-Region Plasma Instabilities | |
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F-Region Plasma Instabilities in the Equatorial Anomaly (Equatorial Arc) Region | |
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Local Midlatitude F-Region Plasma Instabilities: A New Process | |
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Linear Theory for the Perkins Instability | |
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Midlatitude E-Region Instabilities | |
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Radiowave Observations of Nighttime Midlatitude E-Region Instabilities | |
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Multiexperimental Observations of Midlatitude Structures | |
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Midlatitude E-Region Instabilities: Difficulties with Simple Explanations | |
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The Effect of a Wind Shear: The Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability as a Source of Q-P Echoes | |
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The Role of Horizontal Structure: Amplification by the Cowling Effect | |
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Spontaneous Structuring by the Es-Layer Instability | |
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Coupling of Es Layers and the F Layer | |
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The Wavelength Limiting Effect and Small-Scale Instabilities | |
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Wind-Driven Thermal Instabilities | |
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References | |
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Dynamics and Electrodynamics of the Mesosphere | |
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Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) and the Solstice Temperature Anomaly | |
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Gravity Wave Breaking | |
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The Polar Summer Mesosphere: A Wave-Driven Refrigerator | |
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New Observations of NLC and Related Phenomena | |
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Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) | |
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The Role of Charged Ice | |
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On the Possible Relationship Between PMSE, NLC, and Atmospheric Change | |
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Upward-Propagating Lightning | |
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Nonlinear Mesospheric Waves | |
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Observations | |
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Analogy to a Hydraulic Jump | |
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Nonlinear Simulation of Mesospheric Bores | |
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References | |
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High-Latitude Electrodynamics | |
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Electrical Coupling Between the Ionosphere, Magnetosphere, and Solar Wind | |
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General Relationships | |
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A Qualitative Description of Convection for Southward IMF | |
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Energy Transfer | |
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Additional Complexities | |
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Observations of Ionospheric Convection | |
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Observations During Southward IMF | |
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Observations During Northward IMF | |
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Simple Models of Convection in the Magnetosphere | |
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Models for Southward IMF | |
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Models for Northward IMF | |
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Empirical and Analytical Representations of High-Latitude Convection | |
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Observations of Field-Aligned Currents | |
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Current Patterns for a Southward IMF | |
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Current Patterns for a Northward IMF | |
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Dependence on Magnetic Activity, IMF, and Season | |
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Horizontal Currents at High Latitudes | |
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References | |
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Ionospheric Response to Electric Fields | |
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Ionospheric Effects of Parallel Plasma Dynamics | |
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Ionospheric Composition at High Latitudes | |
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Hydrodynamic Theory of the Polar Wind | |
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Ionospheric Effects of Perpendicular Plasma Dynamics | |
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The Role of Horizontal Transport | |
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Ion Heating Due to Collisions | |
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Velocity-Dependent Recombination | |
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Positive and Negative Ionospheric Storms | |
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Electrodynamic Forcing of the Neutral Atmosphere | |
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J x B Forcing | |
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Global Observations and Simulations | |
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Particle Acceleration in the Topside Ionosphere | |
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Parallel Electric Fields in the Upper Ionosphere | |
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Ion Outflows and Perpendicular Ion Acceleration | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Instabilities and Structures in the High-Latitude Ionosphere | |
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Planetary and Large-Scale Structures in the High-Latitude F Region | |
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Convection and Production as Sources of Planetary Scale Structure in the High-Latitude Ionosphere | |
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Some Effects of Plasma Transport and Loss on the Large-Scale Horizontal Structure of the Ionosphere | |
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Longitudinal Structures Due to Localized Sub-Auroral Electric Fields | |
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Temperature Enhancements in the Trough and Stable Auroral Red Arcs | |
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Horizontal Plasma Variations Due to Localized Plasma Production and Heating | |
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Summary | |
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Intermediate-Scale Structure in the High-Latitude F Region | |
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The Generalized E x B Instability at High Latitudes | |
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Turbulent Mixing as an Alternative to Plasma Instabilities | |
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Diffusion and Image Formation | |
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Small-Scale Waves in the High-Latitude F Region | |
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E-Region Layering at High Latitudes | |
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Plasma Waves and Irregularities in the High-Latitude E Region: Observations | |
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Radar Observations | |
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Rocket Observations of Auroral Electrojet Instabilities | |
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Simultaneous Data Sets | |
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Summary | |
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Linear Auroral Electrojet Wave Theories | |
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The Gradient Drift Instability | |
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The Two-Stream Instability and Type 4 Radar Echoes | |
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Type 3 Radar Echoes: Are They Due to Ion Cyclotron Waves? | |
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Nonlinear Theories | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Index | |