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Contributors | |
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Series Introduction | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Introduction | |
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General background | |
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Jozsef Marek (1868-1952) and the identification of the disease | |
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Houghton Poultry Research Station and the isolation of the causative agent of Marek's disease | |
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The place of Marek's disease and Marek's disease virus in the biological sciences | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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References | |
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Marek's disease: long and difficult beginnings | |
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Introduction | |
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Early days | |
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Terminology and classification | |
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Evidence for the separation of Marek's disease from lymphoid leukoses | |
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Clinical and pathological studies of field cases | |
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Transmission studies | |
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Experimental studies comparing Marek's disease with lymphoid leukosis | |
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Identifying the Marek's disease virus | |
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Identification of Marek's disease herpesvirus | |
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Circumstantial evidence | |
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Definitive evidence | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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The genome content of Marek's disease-like viruses | |
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Introduction | |
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Gene content and transcription of the Mardiviruses | |
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Transcription and gene expression during MDV latency | |
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Manipulation of the MDV genome: new strategy using bacterial artificial chromosomes | |
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Summary | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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References | |
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Marek's disease virus oncogenicity: molecular mechanisms | |
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Introduction | |
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Meq, a Jun/Fos family member, as a putative oncogene for MDV | |
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The structure and function of Meq | |
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Meq as a transcriptional regulator | |
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Meq as a transforming protein | |
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Meq as a major oncoprotein in MDV oncogenesis | |
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Meq mutations in proline-rich domains correlate with virulence | |
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Meq's potential roles in MDV replication and latency | |
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Summary and implications of Meq as an oncogene for MDV | |
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Other genes associated with pathogenicity | |
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BamHI-H family of transcripts | |
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MDV phosphoprotein 38 (pp38) complex | |
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MDV-encoded CXC chemokine, vIL-8 | |
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MDV-encoded telomerase RNA | |
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MDV ICP4 homologue-related transcripts | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Marek's disease: a worldwide problem | |
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Introduction | |
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Diagnostic investigation of MD problems | |
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Economic impact | |
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Causes of outbreaks | |
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MD in species other than chickens | |
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Problems associated with contamination of MD vaccines | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Marek's disease virus: biology and life cycle | |
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Introduction | |
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Natural infection with MDV | |
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Early cytolytic phase | |
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Latency | |
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Late cytolytic phase | |
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Fully productive infection in the feather-follicle epithelium | |
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Transformation | |
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Conclusions | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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References | |
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Pathological responses to infection | |
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Introduction | |
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Virus-cell relationships in Marek's disease | |
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Pathogenesis and pathology of Marek's disease | |
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Primary infection | |
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Acute cytolytic infection of lymphoid tissue | |
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Viraemia and haematology | |
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Infection of feather-follicle epithelium | |
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Infection of other parenchymatous tissues | |
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Peripheral neuropathy | |
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Central nervous system | |
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Lymphomatosis | |
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Atherosclerosis | |
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Ocular changes | |
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Factors affecting lesion type | |
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Virus strain | |
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Host | |
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Marek's disease in other species | |
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Turkeys | |
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Japanese quail | |
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Pheasants | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Marek's disease lymphomas | |
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Introduction | |
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Histopathology | |
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Peripheral nerves | |
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Skin | |
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Visceral and skeletal muscle lymphomas | |
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Lymphoma cell phenotypes | |
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MATSAs | |
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MDV-transformed cells | |
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Phenotypes of MD lymphoma cells | |
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The identity of the neoplastically transformed cells in MD lymphomas | |
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Anti-lymphoma immunity | |
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MD lymphoma regression | |
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Anti-MD lymphoma immunity | |
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Transplantable tumours | |
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Tumour antigens in MD | |
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Model for MD lymphomagenesis | |
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Summary | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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References | |
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Genetic resistance to Marek's disease | |
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Introduction | |
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MHC associated resistance | |
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Structure and function of the MHC | |
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Mechanism of MHC-determined resistance to MD | |
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Non-MHC associated resistance | |
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Differences in viral replication between lines 6 and 7 | |
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Phenotypic comparisons | |
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Investigation of candidate genes | |
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Genomic mapping approaches | |
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Conclusions | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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References | |
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Immunity to Marek's disease | |
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Introduction | |
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MDV entry via the lungs | |
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Role of macrophages | |
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Role of natural killer cells | |
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Acquired immune responses to MDV | |
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Role of antibodies | |
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Role of cell-mediated immune responses | |
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Cytokine responses during the cytolytic phase | |
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The role of cytokines in the induction and maintenance of latency | |
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Cytokine production by tumour cells | |
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Role of the MDV-encoded CXC chemokine | |
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Immunity to MDV induced by vaccination | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Marek's disease immunosuppression | |
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Introduction | |
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Mechanisms of MD-induced immunosuppression | |
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Immunosuppression caused by loss of lymphocytes | |
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Immunosuppression caused by changes in the regulation of immune responses | |
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Nitric oxide, a dual role | |
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Cytokines | |
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Down-regulation of lymphocyte surface molecules and other immuno-evasive mechanisms | |
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Immunosuppression caused by tumour cells | |
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Confounding factors in MDV-induced immunosuppression | |
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Chicken infectious anaemia virus | |
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Infectious bursal disease virus | |
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Reticuloendotheliosis virus | |
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Reovirus infection | |
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Consequences of immunosuppression | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Diagnosis of Marek's disease | |
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Introduction | |
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Diagnosis of MD under field conditions | |
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Laboratory diagnosis of MD | |
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Collection of infectious material for in vitro studies | |
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Virus isolation and identification | |
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Detection and characterization of MDV antigens and antibodies | |
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Identification of MDV DNA | |
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Differentiation of MDV serotypes, strains and isolates | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Vaccination against Marek's disease | |
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History of Marek's disease vaccine | |
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Importance of vaccination | |
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Licensing, manufacturing and administering current MD vaccines | |
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In ovo vaccination | |
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Vaccination problems and solutions | |
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Attenuation of MDV and its effect on protection | |
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Recombinant vaccines | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Future strategies for controlling Marek's disease | |
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Introduction | |
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Current MD situation and vaccination strategies | |
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Future risk of increasing the incidence of MD | |
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Current tools for MD control | |
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Vaccination | |
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Genetics | |
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Biosecurity | |
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Developing new strategies for control | |
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Vaccine development | |
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Development of transgenic chickens | |
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What research is needed for the rational development of new strategies of control? | |
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Summary | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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References | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Key references | |
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Index | |