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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General | |
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| Pollution and Environmental Problems | |
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| Waste Disposal | |
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| Risk | |
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| Energy | |
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| Population | |
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| The Scope of Chemistry of the Environment | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Atmospheric Composition and Behavior | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Gaseous Constituents of the Atmosphere | |
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| History of the Atmosphere | |
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| Particulate Constituents of the Atmosphere | |
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| Extent of the Atmosphere and Its Temperature and Pressure Profile | |
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| General Circulation of the Atmosphere | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Energy and Climate | |
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| Energy Balance of the Earth | |
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| Climate History of the Earth | |
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| Causes of Global Climate Changes | |
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| Small-Scale Climate | |
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| Temperature Inversions | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Principles of Photochemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| Kinetics of Thermal Processes | |
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| Kinetics of Photochemical Processes | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Atmospheric Photochemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Reactions in the Upper Atmosphere | |
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| Photoprocesses in the Troposphere: Photochemical Smog | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Petroleum, Hydrocarbons, and Coal | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of Petroleum | |
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| Sources of Crude Oil and Hydrocarbons in Marine Environments | |
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| Fate of an Oil Spill | |
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| Effects of Crude Oil on Marine Life | |
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| Use of Petroleum in the Internal Combustion Engine | |
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| Sources of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds in the Atmosphere | |
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| The Air Pollution Problem in Urban Centers | |
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| Coal | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Soaps, Synthetic Surfactants, and Polymers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Soaps and Synthetic Surfactants | |
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| Polymers | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Haloorganics and Pesticides | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Environmental Degradation | |
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| Chemistry of Chlorinated Organic Compounds | |
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| Microbial Degradation of Organics | |
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| Toxicity | |
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| Chlorofluorocarbons, Hydrofluorocarbons, and Perhalogenated Organics | |
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| Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls | |
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| DDT and Its Degradation Products | |
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| Other Chloroorganic Pesticides | |
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| Herbicides: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | |
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| Organophosphorus Insecticides | |
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| Resistance: The Bugs Fight Back | |
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| Biochemical Methods of Insect Control | |
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| Integrated Pest Management | |
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| Proposed Phaseout of All Chlorine-Containing Compounds | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Chemistry in Aqueous Media | |
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| Water in the Environment | |
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| Acid-Base Reactions | |
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| Effects of Temperature and Pressure Effects on Equilibrium | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Processes | |
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| Coordination Chemistry | |
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| Colloidal Material | |
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| Adsorption and Ion Exchange | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| The Environmental Chemistry of Some Important Elements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Carbon Cycle, CO[subscript 2], and Carbonates | |
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| Nitrogen | |
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| Sulfur and the Sulfur Cycle | |
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| Phosphorus, Fertilizers, and Eutrophication | |
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| Biologically Important Metals and Other Elements | |
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| Summary | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Water Systems and Water Treatment | |
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| Composition of Water Bodies | |
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| Model Ocean Systems | |
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| Residence Times | |
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| Acid Rain | |
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| Water Treatment | |
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| Anaerobic Systems | |
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| Irrigation Waters | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| The Earth's Crust | |
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| Rocks and Minerals | |
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| Recovery of Minerals from Their Ores | |
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| Soils | |
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| Nonmetallic Materials from the Earth | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Properties and Reactions of Atomic Nuclei, Radioactivity, and Ionizing Radiation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Atomic Nucleus | |
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| Energetics of Nuclear Reactions | |
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| The Kinetics of Nuclear Reactions | |
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| Modes and Energetics of Radioactive Decay | |
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| Selected Induced Nuclear Reactions | |
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| Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter | |
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| Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Biological Cells | |
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| Classification of Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation | |
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| Units of Exposure and Dose for Ionizing Radiation | |
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| Estimation of Exposure Rate from Gamma-Ray Sources | |
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| Estimation of Dose Rate Based on Source Characteristics | |
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| Specific Health Effects | |
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| Correlation between Dose and Effect | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| The Nuclear Environment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cosmic Radiation | |
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| Naturally Occurring Sources of Radioactivity in the Environment | |
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| Distribution of Naturally Occurring Radioactivity in the Environment | |
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| Applications of Naturally Occurring Stable Nuclides and Radionuclides to the Study of Earth and Its Environment | |
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| Special-Purpose Sources of Ionizing Radiation in the Environment: Types and Applications | |
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| Nuclear Fission Power Plants | |
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| Natural Fission Reactors (The Oklo Phenomenon) | |
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| Thermonuclear Power Plants | |
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| Cold Fusion | |
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| Nuclear Weapons | |
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| Radioactive Waste | |
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| Pathways for Internal Exposure to Ionizing Radiation | |
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| Dose of Ionizing Radiation Received by the U.S. Population | |
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| Regulatory Limits for Radiation Dose Received by Radiation Workers and the General Population | |
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| Examples of Accidents and Incidents Involving the Release of Radionuclides into the Environment | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Energy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Thermodynamic Considerations | |
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| Fossil Fuels | |
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| Nuclear Energy | |
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| Solar Energy | |
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| Geothermal Energy | |
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| Wind and Water | |
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| Energy Storage | |
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| Direct Generation of Electricity from Fuels | |
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| The Energy Future | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Landfills | |
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| Composting | |
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| Anaerobic Digestion of Biological Wastes | |
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| Incineration | |
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| The Tire Problem | |
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| Recycling | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Designation of Spectroscopic States | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Atoms | |
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| Diatomic Molecules | |
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| Polyatomic Molecules | |
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| Additional Reading | |
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| Thorium and Actium Series | |
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| Units | |
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| Symbols and Abbreviations | |
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| Index | |