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Preface to Second Edition | |
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Preface to First Edition | |
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Symbols | |
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Introduction | |
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Scope of Micrometeorology | |
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Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology | |
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Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Energy Budget Near the Surface | |
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Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface | |
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Energy Balance Equations | |
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Energy Budgets of Bare Surfaces | |
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Energy Budgets of Canopies | |
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Energy Budgets of Water Surfaces | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Radiation Balance Near the Surface | |
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Radiation Laws and Definitions | |
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Shortwave Radiation | |
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Longwave Radiation | |
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Radiation Balance near the Surface | |
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Observations of Radiation Balance | |
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Radiative Flux Divergence | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer | |
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Surface Temperature | |
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Subsurface Temperatures | |
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Thermal Properties of Soils | |
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Theory of Soil Heat Transfer | |
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Thermal Wave Propagation in Soils | |
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Measurement and Parameterization of Ground Heat Flux | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL | |
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Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity | |
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Basic Thermodynamic Relations and the Energy Equation | |
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Local and Nonlocal Concepts of Static Stability | |
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Mixed Layers, Mixing Layers and Inversions | |
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Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles | |
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Diurnal Variations | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Wind Distribution in the PBL | |
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Factors Influencing Wind Distribution | |
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Geostrophic and Thermal Winds | |
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Friction Effects on the Balance of Forces | |
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Stability Effects on the PBL Winds | |
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Observed Wind Profiles | |
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Diurnal Variations | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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An Introduction to Viscous Flows | |
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Inviscid and Viscous Flows | |
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Laminar and Turbulent Flows | |
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Navier-Stokes Equations of Motion | |
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Laminar Plane-Parallel Flows | |
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Laminar Ekman Layers | |
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Developing Laminar Boundary Layers | |
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Heat Transfer in Laminar Flows | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Fundamentals of Turbulence | |
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Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence | |
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The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence | |
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General Characteristics of Turbulence | |
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Mean and Fluctuating Variables | |
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Variances and Turbulent Fluxes | |
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Eddies and Scales of Motion | |
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Fundamental Concepts, Hypotheses, and Theories | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Models and Theories of Turbulence | |
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Mathematical Models of Turbulent Flows | |
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Gradient-transport Theories | |
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Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Near-neutral Boundary Layers | |
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Velocity-profile Laws | |
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Surface Roughness Parameters | |
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Surface Drag and Resistance Laws | |
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Turbulence | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Thermally Stratified Surface Layer | |
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The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory | |
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Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions | |
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Wind and Temperature Profiles | |
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Drag and Heat Transfer Relations | |
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Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces | |
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The Process of Evaporation | |
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Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration | |
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Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations | |
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Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers | |
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Types of Atmospheric Boundary Layers | |
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Similarity Theories of the PBL | |
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Mathematical Models of the PBL | |
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Parameterization of the PBL | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers | |
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Types of Surface Inhomogeneities | |
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Step Changes in Surface Roughness | |
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Step Changes in Surface Temperature | |
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Air Modifications over Water Surfaces | |
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Air Modifications over Urban Areas | |
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Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects | |
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Other Topographical Effects | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology | |
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Flux-profile Relations above Plant Canopies | |
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Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies | |
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Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies | |
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Temperature and Moisture Fields | |
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Turbulence in and above Plant Canopies | |
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Applications | |
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Problems and Exercises | |
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References | |
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Index | |