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Preface | |
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Introduction: Why Study Cultural History? | |
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A Humanities Primer: How to Understand the Arts | |
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Prehistory and Near Eastern Civilizations | |
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Prehistory and Early Cultures | |
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Paleolithic Period | |
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The Neolithic Revolution | |
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The Age of Metals, | |
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The Rise of Civilization: Mesopotamia | |
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The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms | |
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The Cradle of Civilization | |
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Writing | |
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Religion | |
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Encounter: The Phoenicians and the Alphabet | |
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Literature | |
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Law | |
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Science, Mathematics, and Medicine | |
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Slice of Life:"A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son" | |
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Anonymous, from clay tablets | |
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Art and Architecture | |
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The Civilization of the Nile Rover Valley: Egypt | |
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Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years | |
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A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values | |
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Religion | |
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Writing and Literature | |
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Science and Medicine | |
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Architecture | |
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Slice of Life: Life's Instruction Book for Egyptians, Anonymous, from A Papyrus Text | |
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Sculpture, Painting, and Minor Arts | |
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Heirs to the Mesopotamian and Egyptian Empires | |
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The Assyrians | |
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The Neo-Babylonians | |
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The Medes and the Persians | |
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The Legacy of Early Near Eastern Civilizations | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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Aegean Civilizations: the Minoans, the Mycenaeans, and the Greeks of the Archaic Age | |
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Prelude: Minoan Civilization, 3000-1100 B.C.E. | |
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Beginnings: Mycenaean Civilization, 1900-1100 B.C.E. | |
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The Greek Dark Ages, 1100-800 B.C.E | |
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Technology in Minoan Crete and Mycenae | |
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The Archaic Age, 800-479 B.C.E. | |
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Political, Economic, and Social Structures | |
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The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens | |
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Technology in Archaic Greece | |
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The Emergence of Greek Genius: The Mastery of Form | |
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Religion | |
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Literature | |
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Epic Poetry | |
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Lyric Poetry | |
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Interpreting Art: Red Figure Ware: Achilles Killing the Amazon Queen Penthesilea | |
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Encounter Near Eastern Art and Greek Pottery | |
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Philosophy and Science | |
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Natural Philosophy | |
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Slice of Life The Worlds of Women and Men in Ancient | |
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Greece Sappho, "He Seems to Be a God" and Alcaeus, "Longing for Home" | |
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Architecture | |
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Sculpture | |
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The Legacy of Archaic Greek Civilization | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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Classical Greek Civilization: The Hellenic Age | |
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Domestic and Foreign Affairs: War, Peace, and the Triumph of Macedonia | |
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Political Phases of the Hellenic Age | |
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The Arts of Hellenic Greece: The Quest for Perfection | |
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Encounter: The Representation of Blacks in Greek Art | |
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Theater | |
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Tragedy | |
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Comedy | |
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History, Philosophy, Science, and Medicine | |
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History | |
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Philosophy, Science, and Medicine | |
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The Pre-Socratics | |
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The Sophists | |
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The Socratic Revolution | |
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Plato | |
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Aristotle | |
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Medicine | |
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The Visual Arts | |
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Architecture | |
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Slice of Life Xenophon, "Secrets of a Successful Marriage in Ancient Greece", from Oeconomicus | |
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Sculpture | |
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Painting | |
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The Legacy of Hellenic Civilization | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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Hellenistic Civilization and the Rise of Rome | |
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The Changing Framework of Politics | |
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The Hellenistic Monarchies | |
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The Rise of Rome | |
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The Nature of Government | |
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The Tenor of Life | |
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The Experiences of Women | |
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Urban Life | |
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Roman Values | |
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Hellenistic Cultures | |
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Slice of Life: Street Scene in Hellenistic Egypt | |
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Theocritus, from Idylls | |
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Drama and Literature | |
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Philosophy and Religion | |
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Cynicism | |
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Skepticism | |
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Epicureanism | |
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Stoicism | |
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Religion | |
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Science and Technology | |
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Architecture | |
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Encounter: The Invention of Parchment and the Birth of the Secular Library | |
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Sculpture | |
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Interpreting Art: Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athanadoros | |
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The Laocoon Group | |
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The Legacy of Hellenistic Civilization and the Rise of Rome | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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Judaism and the Rise Christianity | |
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Judaism | |
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The People and Their Religion | |
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Egypt, Exodus, and Moses | |
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The Kingdom of Israel | |
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The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period | |
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The Hellenistic and Roman Periods | |
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Societal and Family Relationships | |
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The Bible | |
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Slice of Life a Jewish Eyewitness to the Destruction of the Second Temple, Flavius Josephus, from History of the Jewish War (75-59 C.E.) | |
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Early Jewish Art and Architecture | |
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Encounter: Baal, a Rival to the Israelites' God | |
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Christianity | |
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The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament | |
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Christians and Jews | |
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Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies | |
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Christians in the Roman Empire | |
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Early Christian Literature | |
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Slice of Life: A Christian Mother Faces Death from Roman Authorities, Vibia Perpetua, A Martyr in the Early Christian Church | |
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The Legacy of Biblical Judaism and Early Christianity | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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Roman Imperial Civilization and the Triumph of Christianity | |
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The Augustan Principate | |
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The Principate | |
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The Pax Romana | |
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Encounter: Roman Conquests and Romance Languages | |
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The Crisis of the Third Century | |
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The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine | |
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The Later Roman Empire in West and East | |
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The End of the Western Empire | |
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Slice of Life a Roman Delegate at a Barbarian Banquet, Priscus | |
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The Eastern Empire | |
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The Triumph of Christianity | |
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The Growth of the Catholic Church | |
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Christian Monasticism | |
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Christianity and the Roman State | |
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Roman Imperial Civilization | |
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Secular Latin Literature | |
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Philosophy | |
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Science and Medicine | |
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Law | |
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From the Secular to the Spiritual: Christian Literature | |
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The Fathers of the Church | |
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Church History | |
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Poetry | |
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The Visual Arts | |
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Architecture | |
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Sculpture | |
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Interpreting Art: The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus | |
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Painting and Mosaics | |
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Music | |
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The Legacy of Roman Imperial Civilization | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Heirs of the Roman Empire: Byzantium and the West in the Early Middle Ages | |
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The Byzantine World | |
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The Birth of Byzantium: War and Government | |
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The Birth of Byzantium: Culture and Religion | |
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The early Medieval West | |
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The World of Charlemagne | |
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The Reign of Charlemagne | |
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The Carolingian Renaissance | |
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The Post-Carolingian World | |
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Encounter: Globalization: The Silk Road | |
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The Literary Arts in the Early Middle Ages | |
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Byzantine Writers | |
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The Latin West | |
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Slice of Life: Marriage Diplomacy Nets a Diplomatic Insult | |
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The Vernacular Achievement | |
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The Visual Arts in the Early Middle Ages | |
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Byzantine Art | |
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Byzantine Architecture | |
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Western Art | |
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Western Architecture | |
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Technology | |
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Military Technology: Byzantine | |
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Military Technology: Western European | |
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Agriculture | |
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Music | |
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The Legacy of the Early Middle Ages | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The World of Islam, 630-1517 | |
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Muhammad, The Prophet | |
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Imperial Islam | |
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The Post-Muhammad Years | |
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The Umayyad Dynasty | |
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The Abbasid Dynasty | |
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The Fragmentation of the Caliphate | |
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Islam as Religion | |
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Medieval Islamic Culture | |
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Medicine | |
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Philosophy and History | |
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Philosophy | |
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History | |
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Technology | |
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Papermaking | |
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Hydraulic | |
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Mechanical Engineering | |
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Literature | |
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Poetry | |
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Prose | |
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Art and Architecture | |
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Encounter: An International Community of Scholars | |
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Architecture | |
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Painting 0 | |
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Slice of Life: Fears of Assimilation in a Multicultural Society, Paul Albar | |
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Interpreting Art: The Night Journey of Muhammad | |
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Music | |
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The Legacy of Medieval Islam | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The High Middle Ages: The Christian Centuries | |
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Politics and Society | |
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Lords and Vassals: Those Who Fight | |
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Those Who Work: Peasants | |
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The Rise of Towns (and the Rest of Those Who Work) | |
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Medieval Government | |
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The French Monarchy | |
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The English Monarchy | |
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The German Empire | |
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The Papal Monarchy | |
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Medieval Christianity and the Church | |
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Christian Beliefs and Practices | |
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Encounter: Pagan Vikings Versus Christian Europeans | |
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Religious Orders and Lay Piety | |
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The Crusades | |
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The Age of Synthesis: Equilibrium between the Spiritual and the Secular | |
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Theology and Learning | |
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Slice of Life: When Love Knows No Boundaries, | |
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Heloise, from a letter | |
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The Development of Scholasticism | |
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Peter Abelard | |
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The Rise of the Universities | |
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Intellectual Controversy and Thomas Aquinas | |
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Science and Medicine | |
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Science | |
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Medicine | |
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Literature | |
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Courtly Writing | |
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Dante | |
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Architecture and Art | |
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Romanesque Churches and Related Arts | |
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Gothic | |
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Churches and Related Arts | |
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Music | |
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Technology | |
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The Legacy of the Christian Centuries | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Late Middle Ages, 1300-1500 | |
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Hard Times Come to Europe | |
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Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War | |
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The Secular Monarchies | |
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The Papal Monarchy | |
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Technology | |
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The Rise of Industries | |
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The Printing Press | |
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The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages | |
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Religion | |
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Theology and Philosophy | |
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The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna | |
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Duns Scotus and William of Ockham 0 | |
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Slice of Life: A Gossip Columnist of the Late Middle Ages, Henry Knighton, from his Chronicle | |
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Science | |
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Literature | |
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Northern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccaccio | |
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Encounter A New Look at the Spread of Byzantine Scholarship in the West | |
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English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer | |
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French Literature: Christine de Pizan | |
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Art and Architecture | |
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Late Gothic Architecture | |
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Late Gothic Sculpture | |
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Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends | |
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New Trends in Italy: Giotto | |
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Flemish Painting: Jan van Eyck and hans Memling | |
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Interpreting Art: Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding or Arnolfini Double Portrait | |
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Music | |
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The Legacy of the Late Middle Ages | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Early Renaissance: Return to Classical Roots, 1400-1494 | |
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The Early Renaissance: Schools of Interpretation | |
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Early Renaissance History and Institutions | |
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Italian City-States during the Early Renaissance | |
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Florence, the Center of the Renaissance | |
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The Resurgent Papacy, 1450-1500 | |
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International Developments | |
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The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance | |
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Slice of Life: Battle of the Sexes, Fifteenth-Century Style, Laura Cereta, from a letter | |
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Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling | |
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Thought and Philosophy | |
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Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting | |
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Artistic Ideals and Innovations | |
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Architecture | |
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Sculpture | |
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Painting | |
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Encounter The Influence of Islam on the European Renaissance | |
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Music | |
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The Legacy of the Early Renaissance | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The High Renaissance and Early Mannerism, 1494-1564 | |
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The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State | |
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The Struggle for Italy, 1494-1529 | |
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Economic Expansion and Social Developments | |
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Demographics, Prosperity, and the Beginning of a Global World | |
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Technology | |
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Sailing | |
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Warfare | |
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Science and Medicine | |
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From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism | |
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Literature | |
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Encounter Portuguese Exploration Sets the Stage for a New World 360 | |
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Castiglione | |
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Machiavelli | |
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Painting | |
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Leonardo da Vinci | |
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Michelangelo | |
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Interpreting Art: Michelangelo, The Libyan Sibyl | |
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Raphael | |
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The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian | |
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The School of Parma: Parmigianino | |
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Sculpture | |
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Slice of Life: Artists and Their Critics: Michelangelo's Strategy, Giorgio Vasari, from Life of Michelangelo | |
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Architecture | |
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Music | |
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Choral Music | |
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Other Developments | |
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The Legacy of the High Renaissance and Early Mannerism | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism, 1500-1603 | |
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Northern Humanism | |
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The Northern Renaissance | |
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Northern Renaissance Thought and Science | |
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Jean Bodin | |
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Andreas Vesalius | |
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Northern Renaissance Literature | |
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Michel de Montaigne | |
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William Shakespeare | |
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Northern Renaissance Painting | |
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Albrecht Durer | |
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Matthias Grunewald | |
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Hieronymus Bosch | |
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Pieter Bruegel the Elder | |
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The Breakup of Christendom: Causes of the Religious Reformations | |
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The Protestant Order | |
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Luther's Revolt | |
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Encounter: Indigenous Peoples and New Spain | |
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Luther's Beliefs | |
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Social and Political Implications of Luther's Revolt | |
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Slice of Life: The Conscience of Sixteenth-Century Christian Europe, Bartolome de las Casas from A Short | |
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Account of the Destruction of the Indies | |
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The Reforms of John Calvin | |
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The Reform of the English Church | |
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The Counter-Reformation | |
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The Revitalized Papacy | |
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New Monastic Orders | |
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The Council of Trent | |
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Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent, 1520-1603 | |
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Late Mannerism | |
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Spanish Painting | |
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Spanish Literature | |
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Late Mannerist Painting in Italy: Tintoretto | |
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Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England | |
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The Legacy of Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Baroque Age I: Glamour and Grandiosity, 1600-1715 | |
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Absolutism, Monarchy, and the Balance of Power | |
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France: The Supreme Example of Absolutism | |
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England: From Monarchy to Republic to Limited Monarchy | |
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Warfare in the Baroque Period: Maintaining the Balance of Power | |
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The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 | |
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The Wars of Louis XIV, 1665-1713 | |
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Slice of Life: Two Views of Power: Master (Louis XIV) and Servant (Duke of Saint-Simon) | |
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Technology | |
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Warfare Technology | |
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Household Technology | |
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The Baroque: Variations on an International Style | |
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The Florid Baroque | |
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Architecture | |
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Encounter: Japan Closes Its Door, Nearly | |
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Sculpture | |
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Painting | |
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The Classical Baroque | |
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Architecture | |
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Painting | |
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The Restrained Baroque | |
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Painting | |
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Architecture | |
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Literature | |
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Interpreting Art: Christopher Wren, St. Paul's Cathedral | |
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Baroque Literature in France | |
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Baroque Literature in England | |
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Music | |
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Opera | |
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Bach, Handel, and Vivaldi | |
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The Legacy of the Baroque Age | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Baroque Age II: Revolutions in Scientific and Political Thought, 1600-1715 | |
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Theories of the Universe before the Scientific Revolution | |
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The Magical and the Practical in the Scientific Revolution | |
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Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton | |
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Nicolas Copernicus | |
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Johannes Kepler | |
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Galileo Galilei | |
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Isaac Newton | |
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Medicine and Chemistry | |
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Technology | |
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The Impact of Science on Philosophy | |
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Francis Bacon | |
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Rene Descartes | |
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Blaise Pascal | |
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Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific Revolution | |
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The Revolution in Political Philosophy | |
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Natural Law and Divine Right: Grotius and Bossuet | |
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Absolutism and Liberalism: Hobbes and Locke | |
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Slice of Life: Innocent or Guilty? A Seventeenth-Century Witch Trial, Suzanne Gaudry: Trial Court Records, June, 1652 | |
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European Exploration and Expansion | |
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Responses to the Revolutions in Thought | |
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The Spread of Ideas | |
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Encounter: The Sinews of Trade | |
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Impact on the Arts | |
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The Legacy of the Revolutions in Scientific and Political Thought | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Age of Reason, 1700-1789 | |
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The Enlightenment | |
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The Philosophes and Their Program | |
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Religion | |
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Deism | |
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Popular Religion | |
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The Encyclopedie | |
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The Physiocrats | |
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The Great Powers During the Age of Reason | |
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Society: Continuity and Change Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, and Enlightened Despotism | |
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France: The Successors to the Sun King | |
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Great Britain and the Hanoverian Kings | |
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Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe | |
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Cultural Trends in the Eighteenth Century: From Rococo to Neoclassical | |
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The Rococo Style in the Arts | |
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Rococo Painting | |
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Rococo Interiors | |
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The English Response | |
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The Challenge of Neoclassicism | |
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Neoclassical Painting | |
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Interpreting Art: Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii | |
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Encounter: Chinoiserie: Fantasy of the East | |
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The Print | |
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Neoclassical Architecture | |
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Philosophy | |
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Political Philosophy | |
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David Hume | |
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Literature | |
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French Writers: The Development of New Forms | |
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Neoclassicism in English Literature | |
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The Rise of the Novel | |
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Music | |
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Slice of Life: "How to Manipulate the System: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu," Letter, March 25, 1744 | |
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The Legacy of the Age of Reason | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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Revolution, Reaction, and Cultural Response, 1760-1830 | |
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The Industrial Revolution | |
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Industrialization in England | |
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Classical Economics: The Rationale for Industrialization | |
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Slice of Life: Life Inside a "Satanic Mill" in 1815: Elizabeth Bentley, Report of Parliamentary Committee on the Bill to Regulate the Labour of Children in Mills and Factories, 1832 | |
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Political Revolutions, 1760-1815 | |
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The American Revolution | |
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The French Revolution | |
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Technology | |
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Changes in Military Weaponry | |
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Composition of Armies | |
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Changes to Naval Warfare | |
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Reaction, 1815-1830 519 | |
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Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution | |
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Revolutions in Art and Ideas: From Neoclassicism and Romanticism | |
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Neoclassicism in Literature after 1789 | |
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Neoclassical Painting and Architecture after 1789 | |
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Romanticism: Its Spirit and Expression | |
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The Romantic Movement in Literature | |
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Romantic Painting | |
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England | |
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Germany | |
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Spain | |
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France | |
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Science and Philosophy | |
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Science | |
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Philosophy | |
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The Birth of Romantic Music | |
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The Legacy of the Age of Revolution and Reaction | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie, 1830-1871 | |
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The Political and Economic Scene: Liberalism and Nationalism | |
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The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 | |
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European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik | |
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Limited Reform in France and Great Britain | |
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Wars and Unification in Central Europe | |
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Civil War in the United States | |
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Industrialism, Technology, and Warfare | |
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Industrialism: The Shrinking Globe | |
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New Technologies | |
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The Spread of Industrialism | |
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Symbols of the Bourgeois Age: The Crystal Palace and the Suez Canal | |
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Nineteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy, Religion, and Science | |
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Liberalism Redefined | |
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Socialism | |
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Encounter: The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation | |
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Religion and the Challenge of Science | |
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Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism | |
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Literature | |
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Slice of Life: Observing Human Behavior: The Classes and the Masses, Charlotte Bronte, The First World's Fair, 1851; Hippolyte Taine, A Day at the Races, 28 May 1861 | |
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The Height of French Romanticism | |
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Romanticism in the English Novel | |
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Interpreting Art: Edouard Manet | |
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A Bar at the Folies-Bergere | |
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Romanticism in American Literature | |
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Realism in French and English Novels | |
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The Russian Realists | |
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Realism among African American Writers | |
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Art and Architecture | |
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Neoclassicism and Romanticism after 1830 | |
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The Rise of Realism in Art | |
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Photography | |
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Music | |
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The Legacy of the Bourgeois Age | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Age of Early Modernism, 1871-1914 | |
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Europe's Rise to World Leadership | |
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The Second Industrial Revolution, New Technologies, and the Making of Modern Life | |
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Response to Industrialism: Politics and Crisis | |
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Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West | |
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Slice of Life Winning the Right to Vote: Lady Constance Lytton, Notes from a diary | |
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Domestic Policies in Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe | |
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Imperialism and International Relations | |
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The Scramble for Colonies | |
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The Outbreak of World War I | |
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Early Modernism | |
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Philosophy, Psychology, and Religion | |
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Nietzsche | |
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Freud and Jung | |
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Religious Developments | |
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Literature | |
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Naturalistic Literature | |
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Decadence in Literature | |
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Expressionist Literature | |
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The Advance of Science | |
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The Modernist Revolution in Art | |
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Impressionism | |
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Post-Impressionism | |
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Encounter The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art | |
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Fauvism, Cubism, and Expressionism | |
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New Directions in Sculpture and Architecture | |
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Music: From Impressionism to Jazz | |
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The Legacy of Early Modernism | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Age of the Masses and the Zenith of Modernism: 1914-1945 | |
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The Collapse of Old Certainties and the Search for New Values | |
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World War I and Its Aftermath | |
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The Great Depression of the 1930s | |
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Encounter: Civil Disobedience and the Campaign for Indian Independence | |
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The Rise of Totalitarianism | |
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Russian Communism | |
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European Fascism | |
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World War II: Origins and Outcome | |
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The Zenith of Modernism | |
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Mass Culture, Technology, and Warfare Mass Culture and New Technologies | |
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Warfare | |
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Experimentation in Literature | |
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The Novel | |
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Poetry | |
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Drama | |
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Philosophy, Science, and Medicine | |
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Philosophy | |
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Science | |
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Medicine | |
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Slice of Life: The Face of Evil: A Nazi Death Camp, Elie Wiesel, from Night | |
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Art, Architecture, Photography, and Film | |
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Painting | |
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Interpreting Art: Piet Mondrian, Composition with Blue and Yellow | |
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Architecture | |
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Photography | |
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Film | |
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Music: Atonality, Neoclassicism, and an American Idiom | |
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The Legacy of the Age of the Masses and High Modernism | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Age of Anxiety and Late Modernism, 1945-1970 | |
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Transformations in the Postwar World | |
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The Era of the Superpowers, 1945-1970 | |
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Postwar Recovery and the New World Order | |
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The Cold War | |
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Emergence of the Third World | |
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Mass Culture | |
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The End of Modernism | |
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Philosophy and Religion | |
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Political and Social Movements | |
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Science and Technology | |
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Medicine | |
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Slice of Life: Humans in Space: "One Giant Leap for Mankind," Neil Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, astronauts, voice transmittal from the Moon | |
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The Literature of Late Modernism: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama | |
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Fiction | |
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Poetry | |
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Drama | |
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Late Modernism and the Arts | |
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Painting | |
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Sculpture | |
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Architecture | |
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Happenings | |
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Late Modern Music | |
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Encounter: The Globalization of Popular Music | |
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Film | |
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The Legacy of the Age of Anxiety and Late Modernism | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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The Contemporary World: Globalization, Terror, and Post-Modernism, 1970- | |
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Toward a New Global Order, 1970-2001 | |
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Economic, National, and International Developments | |
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The Fall of Communism | |
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The Post-Cold War World | |
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The Age of Terror, 2001- | |
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The Birth of Post-Modernism | |
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Medicine, Science, and Technology | |
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Medicine | |
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Science | |
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Technology | |
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Philosophy and Religion | |
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Philosophy | |
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Religion and Religious Thought | |
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The Literature of Post-Modernism | |
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Fiction | |
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Encounter: Continental Drift: Demography and Migration | |
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Poetry | |
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Drama | |
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Post-Modernism and the Arts | |
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Painting | |
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Interpreting Art: Anselm Kiefer, Osiris and Isis | |
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Sculpture | |
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Installation Art | |
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Environmental Art | |
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Video Art | |
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Architecture | |
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Film | |
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Post-Modern Music | |
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Performance Art | |
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Mass Culture | |
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Summing Up | |
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Slice of Life "How Did We Get Here? Where Are We Going?" Amin Maalouf, from Origins | |
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The Legacy of the Contemporary World | |
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Key Cultural Terms | |
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Questions for Critical Thinking | |
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Glossary | |
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Credits | |
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Index | |