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Drug Use in Modern Society | |
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Drug Use: An Overview | |
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"The Drug Problem" | |
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Talking about Drug Use | |
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How Did We Get Here? | |
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Have Things Really Changed? | |
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Drugs and Drug Use Today | |
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Extent of Drug Use | |
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Populations of Users | |
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Trends in Drug Use | |
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Correlates of Drug Use | |
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Risk and Protective Factors | |
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Race, Gender, and Level of Education | |
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Personality Variables | |
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Genetics | |
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Antecedents of Drug Use | |
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Motives for Drug Use | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Do Your Goals and Behaviors Match? | |
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Drug Use as a Social Problem | |
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Laissez-Faire | |
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Toxicity | |
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Categories of Toxicity | |
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Drug Abuse Warning Network | |
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How Dangerous Is the Drug? | |
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Blood-Borne Diseases | |
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Substance Dependence: What Is It? | |
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Three Basic Processes | |
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Changing Views of Addiction | |
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Which Is More Important, Physical Dependence or Psychological Dependence? | |
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Broad Views of Substance Dependence | |
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Is Dependence Caused by the Substance? | |
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Is Dependence Biological? | |
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Is There an "Addictive Personality"? | |
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Is Dependence a Family Disorder? | |
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Is Substance Dependence a Disease? | |
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Crime and Violence: Does Drug Use Cause Crime? | |
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Why We Try to Regulate Drugs | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Are You Hooked On an Activity? | |
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Check Yourself: What's Your Risk of Drug Toxicity? | |
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Drug Policy | |
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The Beginnings | |
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Reformism | |
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Issues Leading to Legislation | |
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1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act | |
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Harrison Act of 1914 | |
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Two Bureaus, Two Types of Regulation | |
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Regulation of Pharmaceuticals | |
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Purity | |
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Safety | |
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Effectiveness | |
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Marketing a New Drug | |
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Dietary Supplements | |
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Controlled Substances | |
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After the Harrison Act | |
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Narcotic Control Act of 1956 | |
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Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965 | |
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Comprehensive Drag Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 | |
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Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988 | |
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State and Local Regulations | |
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Federal Support for Drug Screening | |
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Military and Federal Employees | |
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Transportation Workers | |
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Private Employers | |
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Public Schools | |
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Testing Methods | |
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The Impact of Drug Enforcement | |
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Budget | |
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International Programs | |
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Other Federal Agencies | |
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Other Costs | |
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Effectiveness of Control | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Consider the Consequences | |
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How Drugs Work | |
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The Nervous System | |
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Homeostasis | |
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Components of the Nervous System | |
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Neurons | |
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Glia | |
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Neurotransmission | |
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Action Potential | |
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The Nervous System(s) | |
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Somatic Nervous System | |
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Autonomic Nervous System | |
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Central Nervous System | |
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The Brain | |
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Chemical Pathways Implicated in Reward | |
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Structures | |
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Drugs and the Brain | |
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Life Cycle of a Neurotransmitter | |
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Examples of Drag Actions | |
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Chemical Theories of Behavior | |
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Brain Imaging Techniques | |
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Structural Imaging | |
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Functional Imaging | |
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Word of Caution | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: What's Your Body's Natural Cycle? | |
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The Actions of Drugs | |
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Sources and Names of Drugs | |
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Sources of Drugs | |
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Names of Drugs | |
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Categories of Drugs | |
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Drug Effects | |
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Nonspecific (Placebo) Effects | |
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Dose-Response Relationships | |
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Potency | |
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Time-Dependent Factors in Drug Actions | |
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Getting the Drug to the Brain | |
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A Little "Chemistry" | |
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Routes of Administration | |
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Transport in the Blood | |
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More about the Blood-Brain Barrier | |
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Mechanisms of Drug Actions | |
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Effects on All Neurons | |
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Effects on Specific Neurotransmitter Systems | |
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Drug Deactivation | |
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Mechanisms of Tolerance and Withdrawal Symptoms | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: How Do Drugs Work? | |
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Uppers and Downers | |
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Stimulants | |
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Cocaine | |
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History | |
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Coca Wine | |
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Local Anesthesia | |
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Early Psychiatric Uses | |
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Early Legal Controls on Cocaine | |
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Forms of Cocaine | |
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Contemporary Legal Controls on Cocaine | |
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Mechanism of Action | |
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Absorption and Elimination | |
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Beneficial Uses | |
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Causes for Concern | |
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Supplies of Illicit Cocaine | |
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Current Patterns of Cocaine Use | |
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Cocaine's Future | |
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Amphetamines | |
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History | |
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Basic Pharmacology | |
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Beneficial Uses | |
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Causes for Concern | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Depressants and Inhalants | |
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History and Pharmacology | |
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Before Barbiturates | |
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Barbiturates | |
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Meprobamate | |
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Methaqualone | |
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Benzodiazepines | |
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Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics | |
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Mechanism of Action | |
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Beneficial Uses | |
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Anxiolytics | |
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As Sleeping Pills | |
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As Anticonvulsants | |
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Causes for Concern | |
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Dependence Liability | |
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Toxicity | |
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Patterns of Abuse | |
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Inhalants | |
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Gaseous Anesthetics | |
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Nitrites | |
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Volatile Solvents | |
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GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid) | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Medication for Mental Disorders | |
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Mental Disorders | |
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The Medical Model | |
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Classification of Mental Disorders | |
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Treatment of Mental Disorders | |
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Before 1950 | |
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Antipsychotics | |
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Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs | |
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Antidepressants | |
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Electroconvulsive Therapy | |
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Mood Stabilizers | |
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Consequences of Drug Treatments for Mental Illness | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Track Your Daily Mood Changes | |
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Alcohol | |
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Alcohol | |
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Alcoholic Beverages | |
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Fermentation and Fermentation Products | |
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Distilled Products | |
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Beer | |
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Wine | |
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Distilled Spirits | |
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Alcohol Use and "The Alcohol Problem" | |
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The Temperance Movement in America | |
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Prohibition | |
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Prohibition Worked! | |
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Prohibition Is Repealed | |
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Regulation after 1933 | |
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Taxation | |
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Who Drinks? And Why? | |
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Cultural Influences on Drinking | |
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Trends in U.S. Alcohol Consumption | |
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Regional Differences in the United States | |
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Gender Differences | |
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Drinking among College Students | |
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Alcohol Pharmacology | |
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Absorption | |
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Distribution | |
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Metabolism | |
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Mechanism(s) of Action | |
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Behavioral Effects | |
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Time-out | |
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Driving under the Influence | |
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Sexual Behavior | |
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Blackouts | |
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Crime and Violence | |
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Physiological Effects | |
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Alcohol Toxicity | |
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Hangover | |
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Chronic Disease States | |
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Brain Damage | |
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Liver Disorders | |
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Heart Disease | |
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Cancer | |
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The Immune System | |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | |
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Alcohol Dependence | |
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Withdrawal Syndrome | |
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Dependent Behaviors | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References, | |
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Check Yourself: Do You Have a Drinking Problem? | |
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Familiar Drags | |
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Tobacco | |
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Tobacco History | |
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Early Medical Uses | |
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The Spread of Tobacco Use | |
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Snuff | |
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Tobacco in Early America | |
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Chewing Tobacco | |
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Cigars | |
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Cigarettes | |
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Tobacco under Attack | |
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The Quest for "Safer" Cigarettes | |
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Electronic Cigarettes | |
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Cigarettes and the FDA | |
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Current Cigarette Use | |
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Smokeless Tobacco | |
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Are Cigars Back? | |
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Hookahs | |
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Causes for Concern | |
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Adverse Health Effects | |
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Secondhand Smoke | |
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Smoking and Health in Other Countries | |
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Smoking and Pregnancy | |
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Pharmacology of Nicotine | |
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Absorption and Metabolism | |
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Physiological Effects | |
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Behavioral Effects | |
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Nicotine Dependence | |
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How to Stop Smoking | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Test Your Tobacco Awareness | |
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Caffeine | |
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Caffeine: The World's Most Common Psychostimulant | |
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Coffee | |
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Tea | |
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Chocolate | |
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Other Sources of Caffeine | |
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Soft Drinks | |
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"Energy" Drinks | |
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Over-the-Counter Drugs | |
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Caffeine Pharmacology | |
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Time Course | |
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Mechanism of Action | |
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Physiological Effects | |
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Behavioral Effects | |
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Causes for Concern | |
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Cancer | |
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Reproductive Effects | |
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Heart Disease | |
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Caffeinism | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: How Much Caffeine Do You Consume? | |
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Dietary Supplements and Over-the-Counter Drugs | |
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Dietary Supplements | |
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Some Psychoactive Dietary Supplements | |
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Saint John's Wort | |
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SAMe | |
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Ginkgo Biloba | |
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Weight-Control Products | |
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Over-the-Counter Drugs | |
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FDA Regulation of OTC Products | |
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Simplifying Labels | |
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Over-the-Counter versus Prescription Drugs | |
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Behind-the-Counter Drags? | |
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Some Psychoactive OTC Products | |
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Stimulants | |
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Weight-Control Products | |
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Sedatives and Sleep Aids | |
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Analgesics | |
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People and Pain | |
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Aspirin | |
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Acetaminophen | |
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Ibuprofen and Other NSATDs | |
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Cold and Allergy Products | |
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The AU-Too-Common Cold | |
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Treatment of Cold Symptoms | |
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Allergy and Sinus Medications | |
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Choosing an OTC Product | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Can You Guess What These OTC Products Are Used For? | |
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Restricted Drugs | |
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Opioids | |
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History of Opioids | |
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Opium | |
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Morphine | |
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Heroin | |
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Opioid Abuse before the Harrison Act | |
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Abuse after the Harrison Act | |
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Abuse of Prescription Opioids | |
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Pharmacology of Opioids | |
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Chemical Characteristics | |
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Mechanism of Action | |
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Beneficial Uses | |
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Pain Relief | |
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Intestinal Disorders | |
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Cough Suppressants | |
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Causes for Concern | |
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Dependence Potential | |
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Toxicity Potential | |
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Patterns of Abuse | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Street Slang | |
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Hallucinogens | |
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Animism and Religion | |
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Terminology and Types | |
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Phantastjca | |
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Indole Hallucinogens | |
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Catechol Hallucinogens | |
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Deliriants | |
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PCP | |
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Anticholinergic Hallucinogens | |
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Amanita Muscaria | |
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Salvia Divinorum | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Hallucinogens from Plants | |
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Marijuana | |
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Cannabis, the Plant | |
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Preparations from Cannabis | |
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History | |
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Early History | |
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Building the Case Against Marijuana | |
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The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 | |
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After the Marijuana Tax Act | |
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Pharmacology | |
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Cannabinoid Chemicals | |
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Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination | |
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Mechanism of Action | |
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Physiological Effects | |
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Behavioral Effects | |
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Medical Uses of Cannabis | |
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Causes for Concern | |
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Abuse and Dependence | |
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Toxicity Potential | |
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Marijuana and American Society | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Short-term Memory | |
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Performance-Enhancing Drugs | |
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Historical Use of Drugs in Athletics | |
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Ancient Times | |
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Early Use of Stimulants | |
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Amphetamines | |
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International Drug Testing | |
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American Football | |
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Steroids | |
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The BALCO Scandal | |
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The Battle over Testing | |
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Stimulants as Performance Enhancers | |
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Steroids | |
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Psychological Effects of Steroids | |
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Adverse Effects on the Body | |
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Regulation | |
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Other Hormonal Manipulations | |
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Beta-2 Agonists | |
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Creatine | |
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Getting "Cut" | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: How Would You Run the Race? | |
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Prevention and Treatment | |
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Preventing Substance Abuse | |
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Defining Goals and Evaluating Outcomes | |
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Types of Prevention | |
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Prevention Programs in the Schools | |
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The Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior Model | |
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Affective Education | |
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Antidrug Norms | |
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Development of the Social Influence Model | |
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DARE | |
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Programs That Work | |
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Peers, Parents, and the Community | |
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Peer Programs | |
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Parent and Family Programs | |
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Community Programs | |
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Prevention in the Workplace | |
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What Should We Be Doing? | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Check Yourself: Do Your Goals and Behaviors Match? | |
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Treating Substance Use Disorders | |
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Behavioral/ Psychosocial Treatments | |
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Defining Treatment Goals | |
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Alcoholics Anonymous and Others | |
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Motivational Enhancement Therapy | |
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Contingency Management | |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | |
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Pharmacotherapies (Medication Treatments) | |
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Detoxification and Maintenance Phase | |
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Alcohol | |
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Nicotine | |
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Opioids | |
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Cocaine | |
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Cannabis | |
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Treatment: The Big Picture in the United States | |
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Is Treatment Effective? | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Drug Names | |
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Resources for Information and Assistance | |
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Glossary | |
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Credits | |
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Index | |