| |
| |
| |
| The Study of Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ethics: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| What is Ethics? | |
| |
| |
| Normative and Theoretical Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Philosophy and the Search for Wisdom | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Plato, "Allegory of the Cave" | |
| |
| |
| Metaphysics and the Study of Human Nature | |
| |
| |
| Moral Knowledge: Can Moral Beliefs Be True? | |
| |
| |
| Reading: A.J. Ayer, "Emotivism" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moral Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| The Three Levels of Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Moral Analysis, Praxis, and Paradigm Shifts | |
| |
| |
| Overcoming Resistance | |
| |
| |
| Reading: 1984 by George Orwell | |
| |
| |
| Recognizing and Constructing Moral Arguments | |
| |
| |
| Avoiding Logical Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| Resolving Moral Dilemmas | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Mary Midgley, Can't We Make Moral Judgments? | |
| |
| |
| A Final Word | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ethical Relativism | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 3 | |
| |
| |
| What is Ethical Subjectivism? | |
| |
| |
| What Ethical Subjectivism Is Not | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Stephen A. Satris, "Student Relativism" | |
| |
| |
| The Roots of Ethical Subjectivism in Romantic Sentimentalism | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile | |
| |
| |
| The Kitty Genovese Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Ethical Subjectivism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cultural Relativism: Is Morality Dependent on Culture? | |
| |
| |
| What is Cultural Relativism? | |
| |
| |
| Distinguishing Between Cultural and Sociological Relativism | |
| |
| |
| Social Darwinian Ethics: The Concept of Moral Progress | |
| |
| |
| Ruth Benedict: Cultural Relativism as a Protest Against Social Darwinism | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Ruth Benedict, "Anthropology and the Abnormal" | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Relativism and the Moral Community | |
| |
| |
| Reading: "We Are All Related" by Eagle Man | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Relativism, Cross-Cultural Criticism, and Moral Progress | |
| |
| |
| The Holocaust and Disillusionment with Cultural Relativism | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Cultural Relativism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beyond Ethical Relativism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Is Morality Grounded in Religion? | |
| |
| |
| Religion and Morality | |
| |
| |
| The Divine Command Theory | |
| |
| |
| Reading: "Euthyphro" by Plato | |
| |
| |
| Natural Law Theory | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Thomas Aquinas, The Summa Theologica | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Divine Command Theory | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Natural Law Theory | |
| |
| |
| Religion, Natural Law Theory, and Civil Disobedience | |
| |
| |
| Civil Religion and Cultural Relativism | |
| |
| |
| Religion and the Moral Community | |
| |
| |
| God and the Problem of Evil | |
| |
| |
| Does Morality Need Religion? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conscience and Moral Development | |
| |
| |
| Ethics and the Study of Human Development | |
| |
| |
| Conscience: Culturally Relative or Universal? | |
| |
| |
| The Affective and Cognitive Sides of the Conscience | |
| |
| |
| Lawrence Kohlberg: The Stage Theory of Moral Development | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Lawrence Kohlberg, The Philosophy of Moral Development | |
| |
| |
| Carol Gilligan: The Care Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice | |
| |
| |
| James Rest: The Four Components of Moral Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Moral Maturity: Moving Beyond Ethical Relativism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Morality as Universal | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ethical Egoism: Morality Is Acting in Our Best Self-Interest | |
| |
| |
| What is Ethical Egoism? | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Egoism | |
| |
| |
| Ayn Rand: Objectivist Ethics and Rational Egoism | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead | |
| |
| |
| Ethical Egoism and Laissez-Faire Capitalism | |
| |
| |
| Ethical Egoism and the Moral Community | |
| |
| |
| Self-Interest and Happiness | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Ethical Egoism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Utilitarianism: The Greatest Happiness Principle | |
| |
| |
| Utilitarianism and the Principle of Utility | |
| |
| |
| Mo Tzu: Utilitarianism as Universal Love | |
| |
| |
| Jeremy Bentham: Utilitarianism and Social Reform | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation | |
| |
| |
| John Stuart Mill: Reformulation of Utilitarianism | |
| |
| |
| Reading: John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism | |
| |
| |
| Utilitarianism and the Moral Community | |
| |
| |
| Euthanasia and the Principle of Utility: Is Death Always Harm? | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Utilitarianism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deontology: The Ethics of Duty | |
| |
| |
| Deontology and Duty | |
| |
| |
| Confucius: Duty and the Community | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Arthur Waley, trans., The Analects of Confucius | |
| |
| |
| Immanuel Kant: The Categorical Imperative | |
| |
| |
| READING: Immanuel Kant, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics | |
| |
| |
| The Good Will and Proper Self-Esteem | |
| |
| |
| Sissela Bok: Is the Duty Not to Lie Absolute? | |
| |
| |
| W.D. Ross: Prima Facie Deontology | |
| |
| |
| The Duty of Justice | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Deontology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rights Ethics: The Other Side of Deontology | |
| |
| |
| The Emergence of Rights Ethics in Modern Society | |
| |
| |
| Reading: United Nations, "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" | |
| |
| |
| Natural Rights Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Reading: John Locke, Two Treatises of Civil Government | |
| |
| |
| The Marxist Critique of Natural Rights Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Rights and Duties | |
| |
| |
| Liberty (Negative) Rights and Welfare (Positive) Rights | |
| |
| |
| Rights and the Moral Community | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Rights Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Virtue Ethics and the Good Life | |
| |
| |
| Virtue Ethics and Character | |
| |
| |
| Aristotle: Reason and Virtue | |
| |
| |
| Reading: Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Confucius and Aristotle: The Doctrine of the Mean | |
| |
| |
| David Hume: Sentiment and Virtue | |
| |
| |
| Nel Noddings: Feminist Care Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education | |
| |
| |
| Is Virtue Relative to Culture, Social Status, and Gender? | |
| |
| |
| The Unity of Virtue | |
| |
| |
| Virtue and Moral Education | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Virtue Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Afterward | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| Photo and Illustration Credits | |
| |
| |
| Index | |