| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| So, What Is Sociology? | |
| |
| |
| The Value of Sociology to Students | |
| |
| |
| Tips for Studying Sociology-and an Invitation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Responding to Chaos: A Brief History of Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Inquiries into the Physical World | |
| |
| |
| Technology, Urbanization, and Social Upheaval | |
| |
| |
| The Origins of Modern Sociology in France: Emile Durkheim | |
| |
| |
| Excerpt: Emile Durkheim, From Suicide (1897) and The Rules of the Sociological Method (1904) | |
| |
| |
| The Origins of Modern Sociology in Germany: Ferdinand Tonnies, Max Weber, and Karl Marx | |
| |
| |
| Excerpt: Ferdinand Tonnies, From Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (1887) | |
| |
| |
| Karl Marx | |
| |
| |
| The Origins of Modern Sociology in England: Herbert Spencer | |
| |
| |
| Sociology in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Box: One Small Step for Sociology | |
| |
| |
| The Place of Sociology in Modern Society | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Sociological Eye | |
| |
| |
| The Focus on the Social | |
| |
| |
| Skepticism | |
| |
| |
| Box: Nail Down That Distinction Between Manifest and Latent Functions! | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Science and Fuzzy Objects: Specialization in Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Dividing Up the Task | |
| |
| |
| Topic Area or Subject Matter | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Perspectives (Paradigms): Functionalist, Conflict, and Symbolic Interactionist | |
| |
| |
| The Functionalist Paradigm | |
| |
| |
| The Conflict Paradigm | |
| |
| |
| The Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm | |
| |
| |
| Which Paradigm Is Correct? | |
| |
| |
| Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Who's Afraid of Sociology? | |
| |
| |
| The Empirical World and Inconvenient Facts | |
| |
| |
| Ethnocentrism | |
| |
| |
| Avoiding Ethnocentrism Can Be Difficult | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Relativism | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Vocabulary of Science | |
| |
| |
| Variables | |
| |
| |
| Hypotheses | |
| |
| |
| Kinds of Variables: Independent Versus Dependent | |
| |
| |
| Kinds of Relationships: Directionality | |
| |
| |
| Operational Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Tables and Figures | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Doing Social Research | |
| |
| |
| Two Traditions: Quantitative and Qualitative Research | |
| |
| |
| First Things First: The Lit Review | |
| |
| |
| The Survey | |
| |
| |
| Types of Survey Questions | |
| |
| |
| Box: Six Guidelines for Crafting Survey Questions | |
| |
| |
| The Art of Asking Questions | |
| |
| |
| The Experiment | |
| |
| |
| Box: Five Rules for Doing True Experiments | |
| |
| |
| Observation | |
| |
| |
| Unobtrusive (Nonreactive) Research | |
| |
| |
| Artifacts | |
| |
| |
| Use of Existing Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Content Analysis | |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Triangulation | |
| |
| |
| Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Box: Ethics and Social Research | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Culture | |
| |
| |
| Material and Nonmaterial Culture | |
| |
| |
| Nonmaterial culture | |
| |
| |
| Symbols | |
| |
| |
| Language | |
| |
| |
| Norms | |
| |
| |
| Types of norms | |
| |
| |
| Sanctions | |
| |
| |
| Box: The Power of Informal Sanctions | |
| |
| |
| Values | |
| |
| |
| Box: What do Americans value? | |
| |
| |
| Box: Ideology | |
| |
| |
| Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
| Box: Statements of Belief | |
| |
| |
| Ideas and Beliefs | |
| |
| |
| How It Adds Up | |
| |
| |
| Culture as a Product of Action | |
| |
| |
| Culture as a Conditioning Element of Further Action | |
| |
| |
| Box: Problems Identified and Resolved in All Known Cultures | |
| |
| |
| Box: Varieties of Cultural Wisdom | |
| |
| |
| Social Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Social Change: Cultural Diffusion and Leveling | |
| |
| |
| Subcultures and Countercultures | |
| |
| |
| Excerpt: Margaret Visser, From Much Depends on Dinner (1986) | |
| |
| |
| Idiocultures | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Structure | |
| |
| |
| Statuses | |
| |
| |
| Roles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Role Strain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Status Inconsistency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Role Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Box: Tricky Tricky Situations | |
| |
| |
| Master Status | |
| |
| |
| Groups | |
| |
| |
| Primary and Secondary Groups | |
| |
| |
| Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies | |
| |
| |
| Ideal-Type Bureaucracies | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Society and Social Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Societal Needs | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Social Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Institutions Are Generally Unplanned; They Develop Gradually | |
| |
| |
| Institutions Are Inherently Conservative; They Change, but Slowly | |
| |
| |
| A Particular Society's Institutions Are Interdependent; Because of This, Change in One Institution Tends to Bring About Change in Others | |
| |
| |
| The Statuses, Roles, Values, and Norms Associated with an Institution in One Society Frequently Bear Little Resemblance to Those in Another Society | |
| |
| |
| Box: Polygamy and Monogamy | |
| |
| |
| Social Change: The Trend Toward Increasing Specialization | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Socialization | |
| |
| |
| Nature and Nurture: Biological and Social Processes | |
| |
| |
| How Socialization Works | |
| |
| |
| The Looking-Glass Self: Charles Horton Cooley | |
| |
| |
| The "I" and the "Me": George Herbert Mead | |
| |
| |
| Family | |
| |
| |
| Excerpt: George Herbert Mead, From Play and Games in the Genesis of Self (1934) | |
| |
| |
| School | |
| |
| |
| Mass Media | |
| |
| |
| Peer Groups | |
| |
| |
| Box: Rites of Passage | |
| |
| |
| The Workplace | |
| |
| |
| Resociaiization and Total Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deviance and Social Control | |
| |
| |
| The Relativity of Deviance (What We Already Know) | |
| |
| |
| Nonsociological Theories of Deviance | |
| |
| |
| Sociological Theories of Deviance: Emile Durkheim and Suicide | |
| |
| |
| The Collective Conscience and Structural Strain | |
| |
| |
| Egoism and Anomie | |
| |
| |
| More Structural Strain: Robert Merton and Anomie | |
| |
| |
| Anomie and Modern Social Structure | |
| |
| |
| Responses to Anomie | |
| |
| |
| Legitimate Versus Illegitimate Means | |
| |
| |
| Learning to Be Deviant: Howard Becker's Study of Marijuana Use | |
| |
| |
| Learning to Smoke | |
| |
| |
| Learning to Perceive the Effects | |
| |
| |
| Learning to Enjoy the Effects | |
| |
| |
| The Societal Reaction Perspective: Labeling Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Functions of Deviance: Maintenance of the Status Quo and Social Change | |
| |
| |
| Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stratification and Inequality | |
| |
| |
| Caste Systems | |
| |
| |
| Estate Systems | |
| |
| |
| Box: A Year in the Life of the Peasant | |
| |
| |
| Class Systems | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Conceptions of Class | |
| |
| |
| Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
| Some Words About Slavery | |
| |
| |
| Social Mobility and Open Versus Closed Systems | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inequality and Achievement: Social Class | |
| |
| |
| Box: The Matthew Effect | |
| |
| |
| Explaining Social Stratification | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Explanations | |
| |
| |
| Structural Explanations | |
| |
| |
| Box: Beyond Academics | |
| |
| |
| The Pygmalion Effect: The Power of Expectations | |
| |
| |
| The Fallacy of Hard Work | |
| |
| |
| Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
| Social Mobility, Social Structure, and Social Change | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inequality and Ascription: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender | |
| |
| |
| Why a Dollar Is Not Always a Dollar | |
| |
| |
| Prejudice | |
| |
| |
| Discrimination | |
| |
| |
| Discrimination and "Isms" | |
| |
| |
| The Social Construction of Minority Groups | |
| |
| |
| Gender | |
| |
| |
| Box: Sex or Gender? | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
| Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| Afterword | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Glossary/Index | |
| |
| |
| Credits | |