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Structure Determines Properties | |
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Atoms, Electrons, and Orbitals | |
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Ionic Bonds | |
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Covalent Bonds, Lewis Structures, and the Ocelet Rule | |
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Double Bonds and Triple Bonds | |
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Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity Electrostatic Potential Maps | |
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Structural Formuala of Organic Molecules | |
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Formal Charge | |
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Resonance | |
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The Shape of Some Simple Molecules Molecular Modeling | |
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Molecular Dipole Moments | |
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Curved Arrows and Chemical Reactions | |
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Acids and Bases: The Arrhenius View | |
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Acids and Bases: The Br�nsted-Lowry View | |
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What Happened to pKb? | |
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How Structure Affects Acid Strength | |
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Acid-Base Equilibria | |
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Lewis Acids and Lewis Bases | |
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Summary Problems Descriptive Passage and Interpretive Problems 1: Amide Lewis Structures | |
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Alkanes and Cycloakanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons | |
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Classes of Hydrocarbons | |
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Electron Waves and Chemical Bonds | |
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Bonding in H2: The Valence Bond Model | |
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Bonding in H2: The Molecular Orbital Model | |
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Introduction to Alkanes: Methane, Ethane, and Propane Methane and the Biosphere | |
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sp3 Hybridization and Bonding in Methane | |
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Bonding in Ethane | |
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Isomeric Alkanes: The Butanes | |
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Higher n -Alkanes | |
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The C5H12 Isomers | |
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Unbranched Alkanes What''s in a Name? Organic Nonmenclature | |
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Applying the IUPAC Rules: The Names of the C6H14 Isomers | |
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Alkyl Groups | |
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IUPAC Names of Highly Branched Alkanes | |
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Cycloalkane Nomenclature | |
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Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes | |
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Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes | |
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Chemical Properties. Combustion of Alkanes | |
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Oxidation-Reduction in Organic Chemistry Thermochemistry | |
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sp2 Hybridization and Bonding in Ethylene | |
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sp Hybridization and Bonding in Acetylene | |
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Which Theory of Chemical Bonding is Best? | |
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Summary Problems Descriptive Passage and Interpretive Problems 2: Some Biochemical Reactions of Alkanes | |
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Alkanes andCycloalkanes: Conformations and cis-trans Stereoisomers | |
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Conformational Analysis of Ethane | |
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Conformational Analysis of Butane Molecular Mechanics Applied to Alkanes and Cycloalkanes | |
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Conformations of Higher Alkanes | |
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The Shapes of Cycloalkanes: Planar or Nonplanar | |
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Small Rings: Cyclopropane and Cyclobutane | |
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Cyclopentane | |
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Conformations of Cyclohexane | |
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Axial and Equatorial Bonds in Cyclohexane | |
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Conformational Inversion (Ring Flipping) in Cyclohexane | |
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Conformational Analysis of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes | |
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Disubstituted Cycloalkanes. Stereoisomers Enthalpy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium Constant | |
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Conformational Analysis of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes | |
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Medium and Large Rings | |
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Polycyclic Ring Systems | |
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Heterocyclic Compounds | |
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Summary Problems Descriptive Passage and Interpretive Problems 3: Cylic Forms of Carbohydrates | |
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Alcohols and Alkyl Halides | |
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Functional Groups | |
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides | |
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Alcohols | |
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Classes of Alcohols and Alkyl Halides | |
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Bonding in Alcohols and Alkyl Halides | |
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Physical Properties of Alcohols and Alkyl Halides: Intermolecular Forces | |
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Preparation of Alkyl Halides From Alcohols and Hydrogen Halides | |
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Mechanism of the Reaction of Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides | |
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Potential Energy Diagrams for Multistep Reactions. The SN1 Mechanism | |
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Structure, Bonding, and Stability of Carbocations | |
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Effect of Alcohol Structure on Reaction Rate | |
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Reaction of Primary Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides. The SN2 Mechanism | |
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Other Methods for Converting Alcohols to Alkyl Halides | |
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Halogenation of Alkanes | |
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Chlorination of Methane | |
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Structure and Stability of Free Radicals | |
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Mechanism of Methane Chlorination | |
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Halogenation of Higher Alkanes From Bond Enthalpies to Heats of Reaction | |
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Summary Problems Descriptive Passage and Interpretive Problems 4: More About Potential Energy Diagrams | |
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Structure and Preparation of Alkenes: Elimination Reactions | |
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Alkene Nomenclature | |
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Structure and Bonding in Alkenes Ethylene | |
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Isomerism in Alkenes | |
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Naming Stereoisomeric Alkenes by the E-Z Notational System | |
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Physical Properties on Alkenes | |
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Relative Stabilities of Alkenes | |
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Cycloalkenes | |
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Preparations of Alkenes: Elimination Reactions | |
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Dehydration of Alcohols | |
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Regioselectivity in Alcohol Dehydration: The Zaitsev Rule | |
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Stereoselectivity in Alcohol Dehydration | |
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The E1 and E2 Mechanisms of Alcohol Dehydration | |
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Rearrangements in Alcohol Dehydration | |
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Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides | |
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The E2 Mechanism of Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides | |
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Anti Elimination in E2 Reactions: Stereoelectronic Effects | |
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Isotope Effects and the E2 Mechanism | |
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The E1 Mechanism of Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides | |
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Summary Problems Descriptive Passage and Interpretive Problems 5: A Mechanistic Preview of Addition Reactions | |
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Reactions of Alkenes | |
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Hydrogenation of Alkenes | |
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Heats of Hydrogenation | |
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Stereochemistry of Alkene Hydrogenation | |
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Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes | |
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Regioselectivity of Hydrogen Halide Addition: Markovnikov''s Rule | |
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Mechanistic Basis for Markovnikov''s Rule Rules, Laws, Theories, and the Scientific Method | |
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Carbocation Rearrangements in Hydrogen Halide Addition to Alkenes | |
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Free-Radical Addition of Hydrogen Bromide to Alkenes | |
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Addition of Sulfuric Acid to Alkenes | |
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes | |
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Thermodynamics of Addition - Elimination Equilibria | |
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes | |
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Stereochemistry of Hydroboration-Oxidation | |
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Mechanism of Hydroboration-Oxidation | |
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Addition of Halogens to Alkenes | |
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Stereochemistry of Halogen Addition | |
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Mechanism of Halogen Addition to Alkenes: Halonium Ions | |
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Conversion of Alkenes to Vicinal Halohydrins | |
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Epoxidation of Alkenes | |
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Ozonolysis of Alkenes | |
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Introduction to Organic Chemical Synthesis | |
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Reactions of Alkenes with Alkenes: Polymerization Ethylene and Propane: The Most Important Industrial Organic Chemicals | |
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Summary Problems Descriptive Passage and Interpretive Problems 6: Some Unusual Electrophilic Additions | |
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Stereochemistry | |
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Molecular Chirality: Enantiomers | |
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The Chirality Center | |
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Symmetry in Achiral Structures | |
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Optical Activity | |
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Absolute and Relative Configuration | |
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The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R-S Notation System | |
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Fischer Projections | |
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Properties of Enantiomers Chiral Drugs | |
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Reactions That Create a Chirality Center | |
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Chiral Molecules With Two Chirality Centers | |
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Achiral Molecules With Two Chirality Centers | |
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Molecules With Multiple Chirality Centers Chirality of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes | |
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Reactions That Produce Diastereomers | |
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Resolution of Enantiomers | |
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Stereoregular Polymers | |
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Chirality Centers Other Than Carbon | |
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Summary Problems Descriptive Passage and Interpretive Problems 7: Prochirality | |
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Nucleophilic Substitution | |
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Functional Group Transformation by Nucleophilic Substitution | |
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Relative Reactivity of Halide Leaving Groups | |
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The SN2 Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution | |
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Steric Effects and SN2 Reaction Rates | |
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Nucleophiles and Nucleophilicity | |
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The SN1 Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution Enzyme-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution of Alkyl Halides | |
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Carbocation Stability and SN1 Reaction Rates | |