| |
| |
| |
The Nature of Probability and Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Variables and Types of Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Data Collection and Sampling Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Observational and Experimental Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Uses and Misuses of Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Computers and Calculators | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Frequency Distributions and Graphs | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Organizing Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Types of Graphs | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Data Description | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Central Tendency | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Variation | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Position | |
| |
| |
| |
Exploratory Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability and Counting Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Sample Spaces and Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
The Addition Rules for Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
Counting Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability and Counting Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Discrete Probability Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Expectation | |
| |
| |
| |
The Binomial Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Types of Distributions (Optional) | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
The Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Properties of the Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
The Standard Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications of the Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
The Central Limit Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Intervals and Sample Size | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Intervals for the Mean (s Known or n[3]30) and Sample Size | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Intervals for the Mean (s Unknown or n<30) | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Intervals for Variances and Standard Deviations | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Steps in Hypothesis Testing - Traditional Method | |
| |
| |
| |
z Test for a Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
t Test for a Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
z Test for a Proportion | |
| |
| |
| |
Chi Square test for a Variance or Standard Deviation | |
| |
| |
| |
Additional Topics Regarding Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing the Difference Between Two Means, Two Variances, and Two Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Large Samples | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing the Difference Between Two Variances | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Small Independent Samples | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Small Dependent Samples | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing the Difference Between Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Correlation and Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Scatter Plots | |
| |
| |
| |
Correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Coefficient of Determination and Standard Error of the Estimate | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Regression (Optional) | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Chi-Square Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Test for Goodness of Fit | |
| |
| |
| |
Tests Using Contingency Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
One-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
The Scheffeacute; Test and the Tukey Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Two-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Nonparametric Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sign Test | |
| |
| |
| |
The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test | |
| |
| |
| |
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | |
| |
| |
| |
The Kruskal-Wallis Test | |
| |
| |
| |
The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient and the Runs Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling and Simulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Common Sampling Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Surveys and Questionnaire Design | |
| |
| |
| |
Simulation Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
The Monte Carlo Method | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Algebra Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Writing the Research Report | |
| |
| |
| |
Bayes's Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
Alternate Method for the Standard Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
Data Bank | |
| |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Photo Credits | |
| |
| |
| |
Selected Answers | |