Preface | p. xiii |
Assessing the Financial Health of the Firm | p. 1 |
Interpreting Financial Statements | p. 3 |
The Cash Flow Cycle | p. 3 |
The Balance Sheet | p. 6 |
Current Assets and Liabilities | p. 10 |
Shareholders' Equity | p. 11 |
The Income Statement | p. 11 |
Measuring Earnings | p. 12 |
Sources and Uses Statements | p. 16 |
The Two-Finger Approach | p. 18 |
The Cash Flow Statement | p. 18 |
Financial Statements and the Value Problem | p. 23 |
Market Value versus Book Value | p. 23 |
Economic Income versus Accounting Income | p. 26 |
Imputed Costs | p. 27 |
Summary | p. 29 |
Additional Resources | p. 30 |
Problems | p. 31 |
Evaluating Financial Performance | p. 35 |
The Levers of Financial Performance | p. 35 |
Return on Equity | p. 36 |
The Three Determinants of ROE | p. 36 |
The Profit Margin | p. 38 |
Asset Turnover | p. 40 |
Financial Leverage | p. 46 |
Is ROE a Reliable Financial Yardstick? | p. 52 |
The Timing Problem | p. 52 |
The Risk Problem | p. 52 |
The Value Problem | p. 54 |
ROE or Market Price? | p. 56 |
Ratio Analysis | p. 56 |
Using Ratios Effectively | p. 59 |
Ratio Analysis of Harley-Davidson, Inc. | p. 60 |
International Differences in Financial Structure | p. 70 |
Comparisons among Foreign Companies Trading on U.S. Markets | p. 70 |
Public Companies | p. 72 |
The Move Toward International Accounting Standards | p. 74 |
Summary | p. 76 |
Additional Resources | p. 77 |
Problems | p. 79 |
Planning Future Financial Performance | p. 85 |
Financial Forecasting | p. 87 |
Pro Forma Statements | p. 87 |
Percent-of-Sales Forecasting | p. 88 |
Interest Expense | p. 94 |
Seasonality | p. 95 |
Pro Forma Statements and Financial Planning | p. 95 |
Computer-Based Forecasting | p. 96 |
Coping with Uncertainty | p. 100 |
Sensitivity Analysis | p. 100 |
Scenario Analysis | p. 101 |
Simulation | p. 102 |
Cash Flow Forecasts | p. 104 |
Cash Budgets | p. 105 |
The Techniques Compared | p. 108 |
Planning in Large Companies | p. 108 |
Summary | p. 110 |
Additional Resources | p. 111 |
Problems | p. 112 |
Managing Growth | p. 119 |
Sustainable Growth | p. 120 |
The Sustainable Growth Equation | p. 120 |
Too Much Growth | p. 123 |
Balanced Growth | p. 123 |
Biosite, Inc. 's Sustainable Growth Rate | p. 124 |
"What If" Questions | p. 126 |
What to Do When Actual Growth Exceeds Sustainable Growth | p. 126 |
Sell New Equity | p. 127 |
Increase Leverage | p. 128 |
Reduce the Payout Ratio | p. 129 |
Profitable Pruning | p. 129 |
Outsourcing | p. 130 |
Pricing | p. 131 |
Is Merger the Answer? | p. 131 |
Too Little Growth | p. 131 |
What to Do When Sustainable Growth Exceeds Actual Growth | p. 133 |
Ignore the Problem | p. 133 |
Return the Money to Shareholders | p. 134 |
Buy Growth | p. 135 |
Sustainable Growth and Inflation | p. 135 |
Sustainable Growth and Pro Forma Forecasts | p. 136 |
New Equity Financing | p. 137 |
Why Don't U.S. Corporations Issue More Equity? | p. 140 |
Summary | p. 141 |
Additional Resources | p. 142 |
Problems | p. 142 |
Financing Operations | p. 147 |
Financial Instruments and Markets | p. 149 |
Financial Instruments | p. 150 |
Bonds | p. 151 |
Common Stock | p. 157 |
Preferred Stock | p. 160 |
Financial Markets | p. 163 |
Private Equity Financing | p. 163 |
Initial Public Offerings | p. 166 |
Seasoned Issues | p. 161 |
Issue Costs | p. 110 |
Efficient Markets | p. 172 |
What Is an Efficient Market? | p. 173 |
Implications of Efficiency | p. 116 |
Forward Contracts, Options, and the Management of Corporate Risks | p. 177 |
Forward Markets | p. 178 |
Hedging in Money and Capital Markets | p. 182 |
Hedging with Options | p. 182 |
Limitations of Financial Market Hedging | p. 185 |
Valuing Options | p. 181 |
Summary | p. 190 |
Additional Resources | p. 191 |
Problems | p. 192 |
The Financing Decision | p. 197 |
Financial Leverage | p. 199 |
Measuring the Effects of Leverage on a Business | p. 203 |
Leverage and Risk | p. 204 |
Leverage and Earnings | p. 201 |
How Much to Borrow | p. 210 |
Irrelevance | p. 210 |
Tax Benefits | p. 212 |
Distress Costs | p. 212 |
Flexibility | p. 217 |
Market Signaling | p. 219 |
Management Incentives | p. 222 |
The Financing Decision and Growth | p. 222 |
Selecting a Maturity Structure | p. 226 |
Inflation and Financing Strategy | p. 226 |
The Irrelevance Proposition | p. 227 |
No Taxes | p. 221 |
Taxes | p. 229 |
Summary | p. 231 |
Additional Resources | p. 232 |
Problems | p. 232 |
Evaluating Investment Opportunities | p. 237 |
Discounted Cash Flow Techniques | p. 239 |
Figures of Merit | p. 240 |
The Payback Period and the Accounting Rate of Return | p. 241 |
The Time Value of Money | p. 242 |
Equivalence | p. 246 |
The Net Present Value | p. 241 |
The Benefit-Cost Ratio | p. 249 |
The Internal Rate of Return | p. 249 |
A Few Applications and Extensions | p. 253 |
Mutually Exclusive Alternatives and Capital Rationing | p. 256 |
The IRR in Perspective | p. 257 |
Determining the Relevant Cash Flows | p. 258 |
Depreciation | p. 260 |
Working Capital and Spontaneous Sources | p. 262 |
Sunk Costs | p. 263 |
Allocated Costs | p. 264 |
Excess Capacity | p. 265 |
Financing Costs | p. 261 |
Mutually Exclusive Alternatives and Capital Rationing | p. 269 |
What Happened to the Other $578,000? | p. 270 |
Unequal Lives | p. 271 |
Capital Rationing | p. 273 |
The Problem of Future Opportunities | p. 215 |
A Decision Tree | p. 215 |
Summary | p. 276 |
Additional Resources | p. 277 |
Problems | p. 278 |
Risk Analysis in Investment Decisions | p. 283 |
Risk Defined | p. 285 |
Risk and Diversification | p. 287 |
Estimating Investment Risk | p. 289 |
Three Techniques for Estimating Investment Risk | p. 290 |
Including Risk in Investment Evaluation | p. 291 |
Risk-Adjusted Discount Rates | p. 291 |
The Cost of Capital | p. 293 |
The Cost of Capital Defined | p. 294 |
Cost of Capital for Harley-Davidson, Inc. | p. 296 |
The Cost of Capital in Investment Appraisal | p. 305 |
Multiple Hurdle Rates | p. 306 |
Four Pitfalls in the Use of Discounted Cash Flow Techniques | p. 308 |
The Enterprise Perspective versus the Equity Perspective | p. 309 |
Inflation | p. 311 |
Real Options | p. 312 |
Excessive Risk Adjustment | p. 315 |
Economic Value Added | p. 317 |
EVA and Investment Analysis | p. 318 |
EVA's Appeal | p. 319 |
A Cautionary Note | p. 320 |
Asset Beta and Adjusted Present Value | p. 321 |
Beta and Financial Leverage | p. 321 |
Using Asset Beta to Estimate Equity Beta | p. 322 |
Asset Beta and Adjusted Present Value | p. 323 |
Summary | p. 326 |
Additional Resources | p. 328 |
Problems | p. 329 |
Business Valuation and Corporate Restructuring | p. 335 |
Valuing a Business | p. 337 |
Assets or Equity? | p. 337 |
Dead or Alive? | p. 338 |
Minority Interest or Control? | p. 340 |
Discounted Cash Flow Valuation | p. 340 |
Free Cash Flow | p. 342 |
The Terminal Value | p. 342 |
A Numerical Example | p. 346 |
Problems with Present Value Approaches to Valuation | p. 348 |
Valuation Based on Comparable Trades | p. 349 |
Lack of Marketability | p. 353 |
The Market for Control | p. 354 |
The Premium for Control | p. 354 |
Financial Reasons for Restructuring | p. 356 |
The Empirical Evidence | p. 363 |
The Daimler-Chrysler Merger | p. 365 |
The Venture Capital Method of Valuation | p. 368 |
The Venture Capital Method-One Financing Round | p. 369 |
The Venture Capital Method-Multiple Financing Rounds | p. 372 |
Why Do Venture Capitalists Demand Such High Returns? | p. 374 |
Summary | p. 375 |
Additional Resources | p. 376 |
Problems | p. 377 |
Present Value of $1 | p. 383 |
Present Value of an Annuity of $1 | p. 385 |
Glossary | p. 387 |
Suggested Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems | p. 399 |
Index | p. 421 |
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