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Preface | |
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Introduction to Research | |
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The Nature of Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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Some Examples of Educational Concerns | |
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Why Research Is of Value | |
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Ways of Knowing | |
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Types of Research | |
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General Research Types | |
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Critical Analysis of Research | |
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A Brief Overview of the Research Process | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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The Basics of Educational Research | |
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The Research Problem | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is a Research Problem? | |
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Research Questions | |
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Characteristics of Good Research Questions | |
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Research Questions Often Investigate Relationships | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Variables and Hypotheses | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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The Importance of Studying Relationships | |
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Variables | |
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Hypotheses | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Ethics and Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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Some Examples of Unethical Practice | |
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A Statement of Ethical Principles | |
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Protecting Participants from Harm | |
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Ensuring Confidentiality of Research Data | |
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Should Subjects Be Deceived? | |
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Three Examples Involving Ethical Concerns | |
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Research with Children | |
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Regulation of Research | |
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Main Points | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Review of the Literature | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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The Value of a Literature Review | |
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Types of Sources | |
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Steps Involved in a Literature Search | |
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Doing a Computer Search | |
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Writing the Literature Review Report | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Sampling | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is a Sample? | |
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Random Sampling Methods | |
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Nonrandom Sampling Methods | |
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A Review of Sampling Methods | |
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Sample Size | |
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External Validity: Generalizing from a Sample | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Instrumentation | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Are Data? | |
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Means of Classifying Data-Collection Instruments | |
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Examples of Data-Collection Instruments | |
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Types of Scores | |
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Norm-Referenced Versus Criterion-Referenced Instruments | |
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Measurement Scales | |
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Preparing Data for Analysis | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Validity and Reliability | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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The Importance of Valid Instruments | |
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Validity | |
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Reliability | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Internal Validity | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is Internal Validity? | |
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Threats to Internal Validity | |
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How Can a Researcher Minimize These Threats to Internal Validity? | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Note | |
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Data Analysis | |
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Descriptive Statistics | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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Statistics Versus Parameters | |
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Two Fundamental Types of Numerical Data | |
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Techniques for Summarizing Quantitative Data | |
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Techniques for Summarizing Categorical Data | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Inferential Statistics | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Are Inferential Statistics? | |
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The Logic of Inferential Statistics | |
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Hypothesis Testing | |
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Practical Versus Statistical Significance | |
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Inference Techniques | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Statistics in Perspective | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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Approaches to Research | |
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Comparing Groups: Quantitative Data | |
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Relating Variables within a Group: Quantitative Data | |
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Comparing Groups: Categorical Data | |
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Relating Variables within a Group: Categorical Data | |
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A Recap of Recommendations | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Quantitative Research Methodologies | |
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Experimental Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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The Uniqueness of Experimental Research | |
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Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research | |
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Control of Extraneous Variables | |
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Group Designs in Experimental Research | |
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Control of Threats to Internal Validity: A Summary | |
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Evaluating the Likelihood of a Threat to Internal Validity in Experimental Studies | |
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Control of Experimental Treatments | |
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An Example of Experimental Research | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Single-Subject Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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Essential Characteristics of Single-Subject Research | |
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Single-Subject Designs | |
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Threats to Internal Validity in Single-Subject Research | |
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An Example of Single-Subject Research | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Correlational Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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The Nature of Correlational Research | |
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Purposes of Correlational Research | |
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Basic Steps in Correlational Research | |
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What Do Correlation Coefficients Tell Us? | |
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Threats to Internal Validity in Correlational Research | |
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Evaluating Threats to Internal Validity in Correlational Studies | |
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An Example of Correlational Research | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Causal-Comparative Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is Causal-Comparative Research? | |
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Steps Involved in Causal-Comparative Research | |
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Threats to Internal Validity in Causal-Comparative Research | |
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Evaluating Threats to Internal Validity in Causal-Comparative Studies | |
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Data Analysis | |
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Associations Between Categorical Variables | |
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An Example of Causal-Comparative Research | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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For Discussion | |
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Note | |
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Survey Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is a Survey? | |
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Why Are Surveys Conducted? | |
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Types of Surveys | |
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Survey Research and Correlational Research | |
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Steps in Survey Research | |
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Nonresponse | |
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Problems in the Instrumentation Process in Survey Research | |
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Evaluating Threats to Internal Validity in Survey Research | |
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Data Analysis in Survey Research | |
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An Example of Survey Research | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Introduction to Qualitative Research | |
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The Nature of Qualitative Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is Qualitative Research? | |
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General Characteristics of Qualitative Research | |
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Philosophical Assumptions Underlying Qualitative as Opposed to Quantitative Research | |
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Postmodernism | |
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Steps in Qualitative Research | |
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Approaches to Qualitative Research | |
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Generalization in Qualitative Research | |
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Internal Validity in Qualitative Research | |
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Ethics and Qualitative Research | |
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Qualitative and Quantitative Research Reconsidered | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Observation and Interviewing | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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Observation | |
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Interviewing | |
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Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research | |
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An Example of Qualitative Research | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Content Analysis | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is Content Analysis? | |
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Some Applications | |
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Categorization in Content Analysis | |
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Steps Involved in Content Analysis | |
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An Illustration of Content Analysis | |
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Using the Computer in Content Analysis | |
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Advantages of Content Analysis | |
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Disadvantages of Content Analysis | |
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An Example of a Content Analysis Study | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Qualitative Research Methodologies | |
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Ethnographic Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is Ethnographic Research? | |
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Ethnographic Concepts | |
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Sampling in Ethnographic Research | |
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Do Ethnographic Researchers Use Hypotheses? | |
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Data Collection in Ethnographic Research | |
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Data Analysis in Ethnographic Research | |
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Roger Harker and His Fifth-Grade Classroom | |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethnographic Research | |
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An Example of Ethnographic Research | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Historical Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is Historical Research? | |
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Steps Involved in Historical Research | |
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Data Analysis in Historical Research | |
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Generalization in Historical Research | |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Historical Research | |
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An Example of Historical Research | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Research by Practitioners | |
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Action Research | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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What Is Action Research? | |
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Types of Action Research | |
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Steps in Action Research | |
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Similarities and Differences Between Action Research and Formal Quantitative and Qualitative Research | |
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The Advantages of Action Research | |
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Some Hypothetical Examples of Practical Action Research | |
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An Example of Action Research | |
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A Published Example of Action Research | |
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Research Report | |
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Analysis of the Study | |
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Main Points | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Writing Research Proposals and Reports | |
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Preparing Research Proposals and Reports | |
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Interactive and Applied Learning | |
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The Research Proposal | |
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The Major Sections of a Research Proposal or Report | |
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Sections Unique to Research Reports | |
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A Sample Research Proposal | |
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Main Points | |
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For Review | |
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Key Terms | |
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For Discussion | |
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Notes | |
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Appendixes | |
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Portion of a Table of Random Numbers | |
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Selected Values from a Normal Curve Table | |
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Chi-Square Distribution | |
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Using SPSS | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |