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| List of Maps | |
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| List of Charts and Genealogies | |
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| Preface to the Sixth Edition | |
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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Geographic Prologue | |
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| Geography | |
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| Physiography | |
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| Climate | |
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| Flora and Fauna | |
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| Resources | |
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| People | |
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| References | |
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| Pre-Islamic Politics and Society in the Middle East | |
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| The Rise of Civilization | |
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| Ancient Empires | |
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| Alexander and the Greeks | |
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| The Roman and Parthian Empires and Their Successors | |
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| Pre-Islamic Civilization in the Middle East | |
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| Christianity and Zoroastrianism | |
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| The Arabs | |
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| Western Arabian Society | |
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| References | |
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| The Rise and Spread of Islam | |
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| Muhammad: His Life and Leadership | |
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| Muhammad's Early Life | |
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| His Call | |
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| Preaching and Converts | |
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| Persecution | |
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| Hijrah to Medina | |
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| Conflict with Mecca | |
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| Victory | |
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| References | |
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| The Establishment of the Muslim State | |
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| The Caliphate | |
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| Abu Bakr | |
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| Umar | |
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| Administrative Accomplishments | |
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| Uthman | |
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| Muslim Political Factions | |
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| Ali | |
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| References | |
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| The Spread and Organization of the Muslim Empire under the Umayyads | |
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| Campaigns against Byzantium | |
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| North Africa and Spain | |
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| Expansion in Asia | |
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| Fiscal Developments | |
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| Social Organization | |
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| Political Administration | |
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| Opposition and Overthrow | |
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| References | |
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| The Flowering of the Muslim World under the Early Abbasids | |
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| The Glory of Baghdad | |
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| Administrative Organization | |
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| Economic and Social Life | |
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| Decentralization until 945 | |
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| References | |
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| Islam | |
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| The Rise and Spread of Islam | |
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| The Quran | |
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| Hadiths | |
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| Beliefs | |
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| Duties | |
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| Good Works and Sins | |
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| References | |
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| Muslim Theology and Law | |
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| Theology | |
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| Sunnis and Hadiths | |
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| Muslim Law | |
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| Four Sunni Schools of Law | |
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| Rationalism | |
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| Asceticism and Mysticism | |
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| Fraternal Orders | |
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| Shiism | |
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| References | |
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| Muslim Civilization in the Middle East | |
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| Philosophy | |
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| Medicine | |
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| Mathematics and Astronomy | |
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| Sciences | |
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| Geography | |
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| Poetry and Literature | |
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| History | |
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| Islamic Arts | |
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| References | |
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| Social Patterns | |
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| The Roles of Women and Men | |
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| Cities and Mosques | |
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| Education | |
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| Recreation | |
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| Agriculture | |
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| |
| References | |
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| |
| |
| The Early Medieval Middle East | |
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| Spain and North Africa | |
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| Turkish Dominance in the Eastern and Central Regions | |
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| Crusaders and Ayyubids | |
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| References | |
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| |
| |
| The Late Medieval Middle East | |
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| |
| The Mongol Invasions | |
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| Mamluk Rule Begins in Egypt | |
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| The Il-Khans and Timur | |
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| Decline in Iran and Egypt | |
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| References | |
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| |
| |
| The Ottoman and Safavid Empires | |
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| The Byzantine Empire | |
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| Establishment of the State | |
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| Political History | |
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| The Orthodox Church | |
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| Gender, Agriculture, and the Economy | |
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| The Crusades | |
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| The End of Byzantine Rule | |
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| References | |
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| Ottoman Origins and Early History | |
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| The Turkish Seljuks in Anatolia | |
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| Turkification of Anatolia | |
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| Other Turkish States | |
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| Ghazi Society | |
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| Ottoman Origins: Osman and Orhan | |
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| Ottoman Expansion: Orhan and Murad I | |
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| |
| Bayezid I | |
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| Economic, Social, and Political Changes | |
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| |
| Defeat at Ankara | |
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| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Winning of the Ottoman Empire | |
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| |
| Mehmed I Reunites the State | |
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| The Ottoman Army | |
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| Expansion in Asia | |
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| Murad II | |
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| Military Developments | |
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| Mehmed II | |
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| Capture of Constantinople | |
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| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expansion of the Ottoman Empire | |
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| |
| Mehmed II's Conquests | |
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| |
| Istanbul and the Orthodox Patriarchate | |
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| |
| Bayezid II and Jem | |
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| Wars of Bayezid II | |
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| Selim's Succession | |
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| |
| War against Safavid Iran | |
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| |
| The Conquest of Egypt | |
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| Selim I | |
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| References | |
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| |
| |
| Institutions of the Ottoman Empire | |
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| |
| The Sultan | |
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| |
| The Palace Services | |
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| |
| The Palace School | |
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| |
| The Military-Governing Administration | |
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| |
| The Scribal-Financial Bureaucracy | |
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| |
| The Religious-Judicial Establishment | |
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| |
| Guilds and Peasants | |
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| |
| Non-Muslim Subjects and Foreigners | |
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| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ottoman Empire as a World Power | |
| |
| |
| Suleiman I | |
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| |
| Suleiman's Court | |
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| |
| Belgrade, Rhodes, and Vienna | |
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| |
| Naval Activities | |
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| |
| Eastern Campaigns | |
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| |
| Hungary Again | |
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| |
| The Succession of Selim II | |
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| |
| Imperial Administration | |
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| |
| Selim II | |
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| |
| Ottoman Architecture and Art | |
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| |
| Ottoman Literature | |
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| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Flowering and Collapse of Safavid Iran | |
| |
| |
| Establishment of the Safavids in Iran | |
| |
| |
| Shah Tahmasp I | |
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| |
| Shah Abbas the Great of Isfahan | |
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| |
| Administration and Trade under Abbas | |
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| |
| The Splendor of Isfahan | |
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| |
| Uzbeg Central Asia | |
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| |
| Shahs Safi and Abbas II | |
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| |
| The Decline and End of Safavid Rule | |
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| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Transformation of the Ottoman Empire | |
| |
| |
| The Transformation of the Sultanate | |
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| |
| Fiscal, Administrative, and Military Transformation | |
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| |
| The Fundamental Causes of Transformation | |
| |
| |
| Changes in the Provinces | |
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| |
| External Affairs: Europe, the Mediterranean, and the East | |
| |
| |
| Military Resurgence under the Koprulus | |
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| |
| Military Defeats | |
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| |
| Treaty of Karlowitz, 1699 | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Retreat of the Ottoman Empire Begins | |
| |
| |
| The Sultanate | |
| |
| |
| Wars with Russia and Austria | |
| |
| |
| Commerce and the Capitulations | |
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| |
| Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji | |
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| |
| Domestic Changes | |
| |
| |
| Rebellious Provinces | |
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| |
| Search for Reform | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nineteenth-Century Middle East | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon | |
| |
| |
| The Reforms of Selim III | |
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| |
| Napoleon Invades Egypt | |
| |
| |
| Uprisings in Serbia and Arabia | |
| |
| |
| Overthrow of Selim | |
| |
| |
| Mahmud II and the Napoleonic Wars | |
| |
| |
| Nadir Shah and Chaos in Iran and Central Asia | |
| |
| |
| The Qajar Dynasty | |
| |
| |
| Diplomacy in Iran | |
| |
| |
| Reform in Iran | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mahmud II: Greek Nationalism and Ottoman Reform | |
| |
| |
| The Greek Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Intervention by Egypt and the Great Powers | |
| |
| |
| Treaty of Adrianople | |
| |
| |
| Destruction of the Janissaries | |
| |
| |
| Mehmet Ali and Mahmud II | |
| |
| |
| Mahmud's Reforms | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mehmet Ali, Ismail, and the Development of Egypt | |
| |
| |
| Rise of Mehmet Ali | |
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| |
| Arabia, the Sudan, and Greece | |
| |
| |
| Conquest of Syria | |
| |
| |
| Defeat of Mehmet Ali | |
| |
| |
| Organization of Egypt | |
| |
| |
| Abbas and Said Pashas | |
| |
| |
| The Suez Canal and Ismail | |
| |
| |
| Ismail's Rule | |
| |
| |
| Bankruptcy and European Intervention | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Tanzimat and European Ambitions | |
| |
| |
| Hatt-i Sharif | |
| |
| |
| European Interests in the Ottoman Empire | |
| |
| |
| Commerce and the Capitulations | |
| |
| |
| Religious Issues | |
| |
| |
| Tanzimat | |
| |
| |
| The Crimean War | |
| |
| |
| Hatt-i Humayun | |
| |
| |
| Lebanon and Syria | |
| |
| |
| Social Changes and Political Reformers | |
| |
| |
| Young Ottomans | |
| |
| |
| Midhat Pasha and the Constitution | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Finances | |
| |
| |
| Balkan Problems | |
| |
| |
| Russian-Ottoman War | |
| |
| |
| The Congress of Berlin | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Abdulhamid II and Autocratic Reform | |
| |
| |
| Accession of Abdulhamid II | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Public Debt Administration | |
| |
| |
| Continuing Reforms | |
| |
| |
| Women, the Press, and Education | |
| |
| |
| The Armenian Question | |
| |
| |
| Crete | |
| |
| |
| Macedonia | |
| |
| |
| Railways and Economic Growth | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Young Turks and Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Secret Societies | |
| |
| |
| The Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Failure of the Counterrevolution | |
| |
| |
| War with Italy over Libya | |
| |
| |
| The Committee of Union and Progress | |
| |
| |
| Ottomanism, Islamism, and Turkish Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Arabism | |
| |
| |
| The Birth of Arab Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| The Young Turks and Arab Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Arab Secret Societies | |
| |
| |
| The Arab Princes | |
| |
| |
| The Balkan Wars | |
| |
| |
| The Triumvirate | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| British Occupation of Egypt and the Sudan | |
| |
| |
| Stabilization of British Control | |
| |
| |
| Lord Cromer and Egyptian Government | |
| |
| |
| Khedive Abbas Hilmi II vs. Lord Cromer | |
| |
| |
| Egyptian Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Changes in Gender Relations, the Economy, and Culture | |
| |
| |
| The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan | |
| |
| |
| Taba and Dinshaway | |
| |
| |
| The Legislative Assembly and Saad Zaghlul | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Qajar Iran and Reform | |
| |
| |
| Muhammad Shah and the Ulama | |
| |
| |
| The Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan | |
| |
| |
| Babism and Baha'ism | |
| |
| |
| First Years of Nasir al-Din Shah | |
| |
| |
| The Age of Attempted Reforms | |
| |
| |
| The Economy and the Tobacco Concession | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iran's Constitutional Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Muzaffar al-Din Shah and the Constitutional Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Muhammad Ali Shah and the Counterrevolution | |
| |
| |
| Muhammad Ali Shah Abdicates | |
| |
| |
| Constitutional Government, 1909-1911 | |
| |
| |
| The Strangling of Iran | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impact of World War I upon the Middle East | |
| |
| |
| Iran and Egypt during the War | |
| |
| |
| The Ottoman Empire Enters the War | |
| |
| |
| Gallipoli Campaign | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman War Operations | |
| |
| |
| The Armenians | |
| |
| |
| Arab Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| The Secret Treaties | |
| |
| |
| The Balfour Declaration and Zionism | |
| |
| |
| The Fourteen Points | |
| |
| |
| Entente Victory | |
| |
| |
| The Paris Peace Conference | |
| |
| |
| San Remo Agreements | |
| |
| |
| The Treaty of Sevres | |
| |
| |
| Entente Occupation of Turkey | |
| |
| |
| Turkish Nationalists | |
| |
| |
| Turkish-Greek War | |
| |
| |
| Lausanne Conference | |
| |
| |
| Iran's Postwar Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Middle East After World War I | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Turkish Republic under Ataturk | |
| |
| |
| Mustafa Kemal | |
| |
| |
| Establishment of the Republic | |
| |
| |
| Kurdish Rebellion | |
| |
| |
| Six Principles of the Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Turkish Politics | |
| |
| |
| International Affairs | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iran between the Two World Wars | |
| |
| |
| Iran | |
| |
| |
| Afghanistan | |
| |
| |
| Soviet Central Asia and the Caucasus | |
| |
| |
| Iranian and Afghan Reforms Evaluated | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Egypt, the Sudan, and Libya | |
| |
| |
| Egypt | |
| |
| |
| The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan | |
| |
| |
| Italian Libya | |
| |
| |
| A Comparison of Libya, Sudan, and Egypt | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq under the Mandate System | |
| |
| |
| French Occupation of Lebanon and Syria | |
| |
| |
| Lebanon | |
| |
| |
| Syria | |
| |
| |
| Iraq | |
| |
| |
| The Impact of the Mandate Period | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Palestine and Transjordan | |
| |
| |
| Palestine | |
| |
| |
| Transjordan | |
| |
| |
| British Administration in Palestine | |
| |
| |
| The Jewish Agency | |
| |
| |
| The Passfield White Paper | |
| |
| |
| Peel Report | |
| |
| |
| Civil War | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| World War II and the Middle East | |
| |
| |
| Turkish Neutrality | |
| |
| |
| Occupation of Iran | |
| |
| |
| Egypt and Libya in the War | |
| |
| |
| Unrest in Iraq | |
| |
| |
| Independence of Lebanon and Syria | |
| |
| |
| Palestine | |
| |
| |
| The Middle East Supply Center | |
| |
| |
| Consequences of the War | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Turkey Becomes More Democratic | |
| |
| |
| The Democrat Party | |
| |
| |
| Military Coup of 1960 | |
| |
| |
| The National Unity Committee | |
| |
| |
| The Second Turkish Republic | |
| |
| |
| The Justice Party Governs | |
| |
| |
| Coup by Communique | |
| |
| |
| The Military Takes Power Again | |
| |
| |
| The Third Turkish Republic | |
| |
| |
| The Kurdish Problem | |
| |
| |
| Foreign Relations: The Cold War | |
| |
| |
| Greece and Cyprus | |
| |
| |
| The Middle East | |
| |
| |
| The European Union | |
| |
| |
| Economic Progress | |
| |
| |
| Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| Women, Religion, Education, and Culture | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iran: Oil, Nationalism, and Royal Dictatorship | |
| |
| |
| The Soviet Union and Azerbaijan | |
| |
| |
| Iran Looks to the United States | |
| |
| |
| Nationalization of Oil | |
| |
| |
| Oil Stalemate and Governmental Risks | |
| |
| |
| The Oil Settlement | |
| |
| |
| Iran and O.P.E.C. | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development | |
| |
| |
| The Political System | |
| |
| |
| Foreign Relations: The Cold War | |
| |
| |
| Arab-Iranian Foreign Relations | |
| |
| |
| Women, Education, and Culture | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Islamic Republic of Iran, the Collapse of the Soviet Union, and War in Afghanistan | |
| |
| |
| Causes of the Islamic Revolution in Iran | |
| |
| |
| The Revolution Takes Power | |
| |
| |
| Governing the Islamic Republic | |
| |
| |
| Economic and Social Changes | |
| |
| |
| The Iran-Iraq War | |
| |
| |
| The Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic | |
| |
| |
| Iran after Khomeini | |
| |
| |
| Khatami as President | |
| |
| |
| Central Asia and the Caucasus Rejoin the Middle East | |
| |
| |
| Afghanistan: Soviet Invasion and Wars | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Partition of Palestine: Israel and Hashimite Jordan | |
| |
| |
| From World War II to the End of the British Mandate | |
| |
| |
| Palestine before the United Nations | |
| |
| |
| The First Arab-Israeli War | |
| |
| |
| Armistices | |
| |
| |
| Arab Refugees | |
| |
| |
| Transjordan Becomes Jordan | |
| |
| |
| The State of Israel | |
| |
| |
| King Husain Consolidates Power in Jordan | |
| |
| |
| The Second Arab-Israeli War | |
| |
| |
| Israel, Jordan, and Other Arab States after the Second War | |
| |
| |
| The Third Arab-Israeli War | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinians After 1967 | |
| |
| |
| No Peace, No War | |
| |
| |
| Jordan and the Palestinians after the Third Arab-Israeli War | |
| |
| |
| The Fourth Arab-Israeli War | |
| |
| |
| Begin's Likud Comes to Power In Israel | |
| |
| |
| Social and Cultural Changes in Israel | |
| |
| |
| Peace with Egypt | |
| |
| |
| Jordan and the Palestinians after the Fourth Arab-Israeli War | |
| |
| |
| The Fifth Arab-Israeli War | |
| |
| |
| Israel in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s | |
| |
| |
| Israeli Elections | |
| |
| |
| The Palestinians Try Compromise and then Insurrection | |
| |
| |
| The Peace Process between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinians | |
| |
| |
| The Peace Process Collapses | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Egyptian Republic and Independent Sudan | |
| |
| |
| Egypt | |
| |
| |
| The Sudan | |
| |
| |
| Sudan and Egypt Compared | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Egypt, Sudan, and Libya after 1970 | |
| |
| |
| Egypt | |
| |
| |
| The Sudan | |
| |
| |
| Libya | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Independent Lebanon and Syria | |
| |
| |
| Republic of Lebanon | |
| |
| |
| Republic of Syria | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iraq after World War II | |
| |
| |
| Kingdom of Iraq | |
| |
| |
| Republic of Iraq | |
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| Ba 'thist Rule in the 1970s | |
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| Saddam Husain and the War with Iran | |
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| The Kuwait War | |
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| Iraq after the Kuwait War | |
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| References | |
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| Smaller Arabian States | |
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| Bahrain | |
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| Kuwait | |
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| Qatar | |
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| United Arab Emirates | |
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| Oman | |
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| References | |
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| Yemen | |
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| South Yemen and the British | |
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| Independent South Yemen | |
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| The Imamate in North Yemen | |
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| Civil War in Northern Yemen: Royalist versus Republican | |
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| Yemen Arab Republic | |
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| The Union of North and South Yemen | |
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| References | |
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| Saudi Arabia and Oil | |
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| Britain and Sharif Husain of Mecca | |
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| Abd al-Aziz | |
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| King of Saudi Arabia | |
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| Discovery of Oil | |
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| Expansion of Oil Production | |
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| King Saud and King Faisal | |
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| King Khalid and King Fahd | |
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| The Oil Boom and O.P.E.C. | |
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| Military Forces | |
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| Saudi Foreign Relations | |
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| Development in Saudi Arabia | |
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| Social and Cultural Changes | |
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| The Kuwait War | |
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| Saudi Arabia in the 1990s and 2000s | |
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| References | |
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| Trends after 1945 | |
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| The Decline of the Old Powers | |
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| The New Superpowers | |
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| The Widening Scientific and Technological Gap | |
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| Pan-Arab Nationalism and the Arab League | |
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| The Fundamentalist Challenge | |
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| Militarization and Terrorism | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Chronology | |
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| List of Websites | |
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| Index | |