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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Preface | |
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| An Overview of SQL | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The SQL Language | |
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| The Role of SQL | |
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| SQL Features and Benefits | |
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| Vendor Independence | |
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| Portability Across Computer Systems | |
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| SQL Standards | |
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| IBM Endorsement (DB2) | |
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| Microsoft Commitment (ODBC and ADO) | |
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| Relational Foundation | |
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| High-Level, English-Like Structure | |
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| Interactive, Ad Hoc Queries | |
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| Programmatic Database Access | |
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| Multiple Views of Data | |
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| Complete Database Language | |
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| Dynamic Data Definition | |
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| Client/Server Architecture | |
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| Extensibility and Object Technology | |
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| Internet Database Access | |
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| Java Integration (JDBC) | |
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| A Quick Tour of SQL | |
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| A Simple Database | |
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| Retrieving Data | |
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| Summarizing Data | |
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| Adding Data to the Database | |
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| Deleting Data | |
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| Updating the Database | |
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| Protecting Data | |
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| Creating a Database | |
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| Summary | |
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| SQL In Perspective | |
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| SQL and Database Management | |
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| A Brief History of SQL | |
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| The Early Years | |
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| Early Relational Products | |
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| IBM Products | |
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| Commercial Acceptance | |
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| SQL Standards | |
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| The ANSI/ISO Standards | |
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| Other SQL Standards | |
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| ODBC and the SQL Access Group | |
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| The Portability Myth | |
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| SQL and Networking | |
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| Centralized Architecture | |
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| File Server Architecture | |
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| Client/Server Architecture | |
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| Multi-Tier Architecture | |
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| The Proliferation of SQL | |
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| SQL and IBM's Unified Database Strategy | |
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| SQL on Minicomputers | |
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| SQL on Unix-Based Systems | |
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| SQL on Personal Computers | |
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| SQL and Transaction Processing | |
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| SQL and Workgroup Databases | |
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| SQL and Data Warehousing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Relational Databases | |
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| Early Data Models | |
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| File Management Systems | |
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| Hierarchical Databases | |
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| Network Databases | |
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| The Relational Data Model | |
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| The Sample Database | |
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| Tables | |
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| Primary Keys | |
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| Relationships | |
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| Foreign Keys | |
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| Codd's Twelve Rules* | |
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| Summary | |
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| Retrieving Data | |
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| SQL Basics | |
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| Statements | |
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| Names | |
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| Table Names | |
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| Column Names | |
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| Data Types | |
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| Constants | |
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| Numeric Constants | |
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| String Constants | |
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| Date and Time Constants | |
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| Symbolic Constants | |
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| Expressions | |
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| Built-in Functions | |
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| Missing Data (NULL Values) | |
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| Summary | |
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| Simple Queries | |
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| The SELECT Statement | |
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| The SELECT Clause | |
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| The FROM Clause | |
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| Query Results | |
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| Simple Queries | |
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| Calculated Columns | |
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| Selecting All Columns (SELECT *) | |
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| Duplicate Rows (DISTINCT) | |
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| Row Selection (WHERE Clause) | |
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| Search Conditions | |
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| Comparison Test (=, [], [, [=, ], ]=) | |
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| Range Test (BETWEEN) | |
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| Set Membership Test (IN) | |
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| Pattern Matching Test (LIKE) | |
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| Null Value Test (IS NULL) | |
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| Compound Search Conditions (AND,OR, and NOT) | |
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| Sorting Query Results (ORDER BY Clause) | |
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| Rules for Single-Table Query Processing | |
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| Combining Query Results (UNION)* | |
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| Unions and Duplicate Rows* | |
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| Unions and Sorting* | |
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| Multiple UNIONS* | |
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| Summary | |
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| Multi-Table Queries (Joins) | |
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| A Two-Table Query Example | |
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| Simple Joins (Equi-Joins) | |
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| Parent/Child Queries | |
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| Joins with Row Selection Criteria | |
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| Multiple Matching Columns | |
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| Queries with Three or More Tables | |
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| Other Equi-Joins | |
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| Non-Equi Joins | |
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| SQL Considerations for Multi-Table Queries | |
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| Qualified Column Names | |
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| All-Column Selections | |
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| Self-Joins | |
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| Table Aliases | |
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| Multi-Table Query Performance | |
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| The Structure of a Join | |
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| Table Multiplication | |
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| Rules for Multi-Table Query Processing | |
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| Outer Joins* | |
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| Left and Right Outer Joins* | |
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| Outer Join Notation* | |
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| Joins and the SQL2 Standard | |
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| Inner Joins in SQL2* | |
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| Outer Joins in SQL2* | |
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| Cross Joins and Union Joins in SQL2* | |
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| Multi-Table Joins in SQL2 | |
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| Summary | |
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| Summary Queries | |
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| Column Functions | |
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| Computing a Column Total (SUM) | |
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| Computing a Column Average (AVG) | |
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| Finding Extreme Values (MIN and MAX) | |
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| Counting Data Values (COUNT) | |
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| Column Functions in the Select List | |
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| NULL Values and Column Functions | |
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| Duplicate Row Elimination (DISTINCT) | |
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| Grouped Queries (GROUP BY Clause) | |
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| Multiple Grouping Columns | |
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| Restrictions on Grouped Queries | |
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| NULL Values in Grouping Columns | |
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| Group Search Conditions (HAVING Clause) | |
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| Restrictions on Group Search Conditions | |
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| NULL Values and Group Search Conditions | |
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| HAVING Without GROUP BY | |
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| Summary | |
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| Subqueries and Query Expressions | |
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| Using Subqueries | |
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| What Is a Subquery? | |
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| Subqueries in the WHERE Clause | |
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| Outer References | |
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| Subquery Search Conditions | |
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| Subquery Comparison Test (=, [], [, [=, ], ]=) | |
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| Set Membership Test (IN) | |
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| Existence Test (EXISTS) | |
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| Quantified Tests (ANY and ALL)* | |
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| Subqueries and Joins | |
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| Nested Subqueries | |
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| Correlated Subqueries* | |
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| Subqueries in the HAVING Clause* | |
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| Subquery Summary | |
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| Advanced Queries in SQL2* | |
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| Scalar-Valued Expressions (SQL2) | |
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| Row Value Expressions (SQL2) | |
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| Table Value Expressions (SQL2) | |
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| Query Expressions (SQL2) | |
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| SQL Queries--A Final Summary | |
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| Updating Data | |
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| Database Updates | |
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| Adding Data to the Database | |
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| The Single-Row INSERT Statement | |
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| The Multi-Row INSERT Statement | |
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| Bulk Load Utilities | |
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| Deleting Data from the Database | |
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| The DELETE Statement | |
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| Deleting All Rows | |
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| DELETE with Subquery* | |
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| Modifying Data in the Database | |
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| The UPDATE Statement | |
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| Updating All Rows | |
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| UPDATE with Subquery* | |
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| Summary | |
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| Data Integrity | |
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| What Is Data Integrity? | |
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| Required Data | |
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| Simple Validity Checking | |
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| Column Check Constraints (SQL2) | |
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| Domains (SQL2) | |
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| Entity Integrity | |
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| Other Uniqueness Constraints | |
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| Uniqueness and NULL Values | |
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| Referential Integrity | |
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| Referential Integrity Problems | |
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| Delete and Update Rules* | |
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| Cascaded Deletes and Updates* | |
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| Referential Cycles* | |
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| Foreign Keys and NULL Values* | |
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| Advanced Constraint Capabilities (SQL2) | |
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| Assertions | |
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| SQL2 Constraint Types | |
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| Deferred Constraint Checking | |
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| Business Rules | |
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| What Is a Trigger? | |
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| Triggers and Referential Integrity | |
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| Trigger Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| Triggers and the SQL Standard | |
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| Summary | |
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| Transaction Processing | |
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| What Is a Transaction? | |
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| COMMIT and ROLLBACK | |
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| The ANSI/ISO Transaction Model | |
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| Other Transaction Models | |
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| Transactions: Behind the Scenes* | |
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| Transactions and Multi-User Processing | |
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| The Lost Update Problem | |
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| The Uncommitted Data Problem | |
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| The Inconsistent Data Problem | |
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| The Phantom Insert Problem | |
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| Concurrent Transactions | |
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| Locking* | |
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| Locking Levels | |
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| Shared and Exclusive Locks | |
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| Deadlocks* | |
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| Advanced Locking Techniques* | |
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| Summary | |
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| Database Structure | |
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| Creating a Database | |
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| The Data Definition Language | |
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| Creating a Database | |
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| Table Definitions | |
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| Creating a Table (CREATE TABLE) | |
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| Removing a Table (DROP TABLE) | |
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| Changing a Table Definition (ALTER TABLE) | |
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| Constraint Definitions | |
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| Assertions | |
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| Domains | |
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| Aliases and Synonyms (CREATE/DROP ALIAS) | |
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| Indexes (CREATE/DROP INDEX) | |
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| Managing Other Database Objects | |
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| Database Structure | |
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| Single-Database Architecture | |
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| Multi-Database Architecture | |
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| Multi-Location Architecture | |
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| Database Structure and the ANSI/ISO Standard | |
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| SQL2 Catalogs | |
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| SQL2 Schemas | |
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| Summary | |
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| Views | |
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| What Is a View? | |
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| How the DBMS Handles Views | |
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| Advantages of Views | |
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| Disadvantages of Views | |
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| Creating a View (CREATE VIEW) | |
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| Horizontal Views | |
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| Vertical Views | |
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| Row/Column Subset Views | |
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| Grouped Views | |
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| Joined Views | |
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| Updating a View | |
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| View Updates and the ANSI/ISO Standard | |
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| View Updates in Commercial SQL Products | |
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| Checking View Updates (CHECK OPTION) | |
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| Dropping a View (DROP VIEW) | |
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| Summary | |
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| SQL Security | |
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| SQL Security Concepts | |
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| User-Ids | |
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| Security Objects | |
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| Privileges | |
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| Views and SQL Security | |
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| Granting Privileges (GRANT) | |
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| Column Privileges | |
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| Passing Privileges (GRANT OPTION) | |
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| Revoking Privileges (REVOKE) | |
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| REVOKE and the GRANT OPTION | |
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| REVOKE and the ANSI/ISO Standard | |
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| Summary | |
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| The System Catalog | |
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| What Is the System Catalog? | |
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| The Catalog and Query Tools | |
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| The Catalog and the ANSI/ISO Standard | |
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| Catalog Contents | |
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| Table Information | |
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| Column Information | |
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| View Information | |
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| Remarks | |
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| Relationship Information | |
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| User Information | |
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| Privileges Information | |
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| The SQL2 Information Schema | |
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| Other Catalog Information | |
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| Summary | |
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| Programming with SQL | |
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| Embedded SQL | |
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| Programmatic SQL Techniques | |
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| DBMS Statement Processing | |
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| Embedded SQL Concepts | |
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| Developing an Embedded SQL Program | |
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| Running an Embedded SQL Program | |
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| Simple Embedded SQL Statements | |
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| Declaring Tables | |
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| Error Handling | |
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| Using Host Variables | |
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| Data Retrieval in Embedded SQL | |
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| Single-Row Queries | |
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| Multi-Row Queries | |
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| Cursor-Based Deletes and Updates | |
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| Cursors and Transaction Processing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Dynamic SQL* | |
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| Limitations of Static SQL | |
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| Dynamic SQL Concepts | |
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| Dynamic Statement Execution (EXECUTE IMMEDIATE) | |
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| Two-Step Dynamic Execution | |
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| The PREPARE Statement | |
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| The EXECUTE Statement | |
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| Dynamic Queries | |
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| The DESCRIBE Statement | |
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| The DECLARE CURSOR Statement | |
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| The Dynamic OPEN Statement | |
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| The Dynamic FETCH Statement | |
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| The Dynamic CLOSE Statement | |
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| Dynamic SQL Dialects | |
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| Dynamic SQL in SQL/DS | |
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| Dynamic SQL in Oracle* | |
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| Dynamic SQL and the SQL2 Standard | |
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| Basic Dynamic SQL2 Statements | |
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| SQL2 and the SQLDA | |
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| SQL2 and Dynamic SQL Queries | |
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| Summary | |
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| SQL APIs | |
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| API Concepts | |
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| The dblib API (SQL Server) | |
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| Basic SQL Server Techniques | |
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| SQL Server Queries | |
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| Positioned Updates | |
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| Dynamic Queries | |
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| ODBC and the SQL/CLI Standard | |
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| Call-Level Interface Standardization | |
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| CLI Structures | |
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| CLI Statement Processing | |
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| CLI Errors and Diagnostic Information | |
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| CLI Attributes | |
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| CLI Information Calls | |
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| The ODBC API | |
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| The Structure of ODBC | |
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| ODBC and DBMS Independence | |
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| ODBC Catalog Functions | |
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| Extended ODBC Capabilities | |
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| The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) | |
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| Legacy OCI | |
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| OCI and Oracle8 | |
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| Summary | |
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| SQL Today and Tomorrow | |
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| Database Processing and Stored Procedures | |
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| Stored Procedure Concepts | |
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| A Basic Example | |
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| Using Stored Procedures | |
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| Creating a Stored Procedure | |
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| Calling a Stored Procedure | |
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| Stored Procedure Variables | |
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| Statement Blocks | |
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| Returning a Value | |
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| Returning Values via Parameters | |
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| Conditional Execution | |
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| Repeated Execution | |
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| Other Flow-of-Control Constructs | |
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| Cursor-Based Repetition | |
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| Handling Error Conditions | |
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| Advantages of Stored Procedures | |
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| Stored Procedure Performance | |
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| System-Defined Stored Procedures | |
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| External Stored Procedures | |
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| Triggers | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Triggers | |
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| Triggers in Transact-SQL | |
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| |
| Triggers in Informix SPL | |
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| Triggers in Oracle PL/SQL | |
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| Other Trigger Considerations | |
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| |
| Stored Procedures and the SQL Standard | |
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| Core Capabilities | |
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| |
| Creating a SQL Routine | |
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| |
| Flow-of-Control Statements | |
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| |
| Cursor Operations | |
| |
| |
| Block Structure | |
| |
| |
| Error Handling | |
| |
| |
| Routine Name Overloading | |
| |
| |
| Other Stored Procedure Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| SQL and Data Warehousing | |
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| |
| Data Warehousing Concepts | |
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| |
| Components of a Data Warehouse | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Data Warehousing | |
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| |
| Database Architecture for Warehousing | |
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| |
| Fact Cubes | |
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| Star Schemas | |
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| |
| Multi-Level Dimensions | |
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| SQL Extensions for Data Warehousing | |
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| Warehouse Performance | |
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| |
| Load Performance | |
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| |
| Query Performance | |
| |
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| Summary | |
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| |
| SQL Networking and Distributed Databases | |
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| |
| The Challenge of Distributed Data Management | |
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| Distributing Data--Practical Approaches | |
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| Remote Database Access | |
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| Remote Data Transparency | |
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| Table Extracts | |
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| Table Replication | |
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| Updateable Replicas | |
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| Replication Tradeoffs | |
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| Typical Replication Architectures | |
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| Distributed Database Access | |
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| |
| Remote Requests | |
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| Remote Transactions | |
| |
| |
| Distributed Transactions | |
| |
| |
| Distributed Requests | |
| |
| |
| The Two-Phase Commit Protocol* | |
| |
| |
| Network Applications and Database Architecture | |
| |
| |
| Client/Server Applications and Database Architecture | |
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| |
| Client/Server Applications with Stored Procedures | |
| |
| |
| Enterprise Applications and Data Caching | |
| |
| |
| High-Volume Internet Data Management | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| SQL and Objects | |
| |
| |
| Object-Oriented Databases | |
| |
| |
| Object-Oriented Database Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Pros and Cons of Object-Oriented Databases | |
| |
| |
| Objects and the Database Market | |
| |
| |
| Object-Relational Databases | |
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| |
| Large Object Support | |
| |
| |
| BLOBs in the Relational Model | |
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| |
| Specialized BLOB Processing | |
| |
| |
| Abstract (Structured) Data Types | |
| |
| |
| Defining Abstract Data Types | |
| |
| |
| Manipulating Abstract Data Types | |
| |
| |
| Inheritance | |
| |
| |
| Table Inheritance--Implementing Object Classes | |
| |
| |
| Sets, Arrays, and Collections | |
| |
| |
| Defining Collections | |
| |
| |
| Querying Collection Data | |
| |
| |
| Manipulating Collection Data | |
| |
| |
| Collections and Stored Procedures | |
| |
| |
| User-Defined Data Types | |
| |
| |
| Methods and Stored Procedures | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| The Future of SQL | |
| |
| |
| Database Market Trends | |
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| |
| Enterprise Database Market Maturity | |
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| |
| Market Diversity and Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| Packaged Enterprise Applications | |
| |
| |
| Hardware Performance Gains | |
| |
| |
| Benchmark Wars | |
| |
| |
| SQL Standardization | |
| |
| |
| SQL in the Next Decade | |
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| |
| Distributed Databases | |
| |
| |
| Massive Data Warehousing | |
| |
| |
| Ultra-High-Performance Databases | |
| |
| |
| Internet and Network Services Integration | |
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| |
| Embedded Databases | |
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| |
| Object Integration | |
| |
| |
| Appendices | |
| |
| |
| The Sample Database | |
| |
| |
| Database Vendor Profiles | |
| |
| |
| A2i, Inc. (www.a2i.com) | |
| |
| |
| Angara Database Systems (www.angara.com) | |
| |
| |
| Arbor Software (www.hyperion.com) | |
| |
| |
| Ardent Software (www.ardentsoftware.com) | |
| |
| |
| Centura Software (www.centurasoft.com) | |
| |
| |
| Cloudscape, Inc. (www.cloudscape.com) | |
| |
| |
| Computer Associates (www.cai.com) | |
| |
| |
| Computer Corporation of America (www.cca-int.com) | |
| |
| |
| Empress Software (www.empress.com) | |
| |
| |
| IBM Corporation (www.ibm.com) | |
| |
| |
| Informix Software (www.informix.com) | |
| |
| |
| Microsoft Corporation (www.microsoft.com) | |
| |
| |
| Object Design (www.odi.com) | |
| |
| |
| Objectivity (www.objectivity.com) | |
| |
| |
| Oracle Corporation (www.oracle.com) | |
| |
| |
| Persistence Software (www.persistence.com) | |
| |
| |
| Pervasive Software (www.pervasive.com) | |
| |
| |
| Quadbase Systems (www.quadbase.com) | |
| |
| |
| Raima Corporation (www.raima.com) | |
| |
| |
| Red Brick Systems (www.redbrick.com) | |
| |
| |
| Rogue Wave Software (www.roguewave.com) | |
| |
| |
| Sybase, Inc. (www.sybase.com) | |
| |
| |
| Tache Group (www.tachegroup.com) | |
| |
| |
| Tandem Computers (www.tandem.com) | |
| |
| |
| TimesTen Performance Software (www.timesten.com) | |
| |
| |
| Versant Corporation (www.versant.com) | |
| |
| |
| Company and Product List | |
| |
| |
| SQL Syntax Reference | |
| |
| |
| Data Definition Statements | |
| |
| |
| Basic Data Manipulation Statements | |
| |
| |
| Transaction Processing Statements | |
| |
| |
| Cursor-Based Statements | |
| |
| |
| Query Expressions | |
| |
| |
| Search Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Expressions | |
| |
| |
| Statement Elements | |
| |
| |
| Simple Elements | |
| |
| |
| SQL Call Level Interface | |
| |
| |
| CLI Return Values | |
| |
| |
| General Handle Management Routines | |
| |
| |
| SQL Environment Management Routines | |
| |
| |
| SQL Connection Management Routines | |
| |
| |
| SQL Statement Management Routines | |
| |
| |
| SQL Statement Execution Routines | |
| |
| |
| Query Results Processing Routines | |
| |
| |
| Query Results Description Routines | |
| |
| |
| Query Results Descriptor Management Routines | |
| |
| |
| Deferred Dynamic Parameter Processing Routines | |
| |
| |
| Error, Status, and Diagnostic Routines | |
| |
| |
| CLI Implementation Information Routines | |
| |
| |
| CLI Parameter Value Codes | |
| |
| |
| SQL Information Schema Standard | |
| |
| |
| SCHEMATA View | |
| |
| |
| TABLES View | |
| |
| |
| COLUMNS View | |
| |
| |
| VIEWS View | |
| |
| |
| VIEW_TABLE_USAGE View | |
| |
| |
| VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE View | |
| |
| |
| TABLE_CONSTRAINTS View | |
| |
| |
| REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS View | |
| |
| |
| CHECK_CONSTRAINTS View | |
| |
| |
| KEY_COLUMN_USAGE View | |
| |
| |
| ASSERTIONS View | |
| |
| |
| CONSTRAINT_TABLE_USAGE View | |
| |
| |
| CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE View | |
| |
| |
| TABLE_PRIVILEGES View | |
| |
| |
| COLUMN_PRIVILEGES View | |
| |
| |
| USAGE_PRIVILEGES View | |
| |
| |
| DOMAINS View | |
| |
| |
| DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS View | |
| |
| |
| DOMAIN_COLUMN_USAGE View | |
| |
| |
| CHARACTER_SETS View | |
| |
| |
| COLLATIONS View | |
| |
| |
| TRANSLATIONS View | |
| |
| |
| SQL_LANGUAGES View | |
| |
| |
| CD-ROM Installation Guide | |
| |
| |
| Installing the SQL DBMS Software | |
| |
| |
| Microsoft SQL Server 7 | |
| |
| |
| Hardware and Software Requirements | |
| |
| |
| SQL Server Services User Accounts | |
| |
| |
| SQL Server 7.0 Installation | |
| |
| |
| Starting SQL Server 7.0 | |
| |
| |
| Stopping SQL Server 7.0 | |
| |
| |
| Uninstalling SQL Server 7.0 | |
| |
| |
| Oracle8 | |
| |
| |
| Products Included on the CD | |
| |
| |
| Hardware and Software Requirements | |
| |
| |
| Products Available for Installation | |
| |
| |
| Oracle8 Personal Edition Installation | |
| |
| |
| Starting Oracle8 Personal Edition | |
| |
| |
| Stopping Oracle8 Personal Edition | |
| |
| |
| Uninstalling Oracle8 Personal Edition | |
| |
| |
| Informix | |
| |
| |
| Hardware and Software Requirements | |
| |
| |
| Informix User Accounts | |
| |
| |
| Informix Personal Edition Installation | |
| |
| |
| Starting Informix Personal Edition | |
| |
| |
| Stopping Informix Personal Edition | |
| |
| |
| Troubleshooting Installation Problems | |
| |
| |
| Uninstalling Informix Personal Edition | |
| |
| |
| Sybase | |
| |
| |
| Hardware and Software Requirements | |
| |
| |
| Sybase Adaptive Server Anywhere Installation | |
| |
| |
| Starting Sybase Adaptive Server Anywhere | |
| |
| |
| Stopping Sybase Adaptive Server Anywhere | |
| |
| |
| Uninstalling Sybase Adaptive Server Anywhere | |
| |
| |
| IBM DB2 | |
| |
| |
| Hardware and Software Requirements | |
| |
| |
| DB2 User Accounts | |
| |
| |
| DB2 Personal Edition Installation | |
| |
| |
| Starting DB2 Personal Edition | |
| |
| |
| Stopping DB2 Personal Edition | |
| |
| |
| Verifying the Installation | |
| |
| |
| Troubleshooting Installation Problems | |
| |
| |
| Uninstalling DB2 Personal Edition | |
| |
| |
| Index | |