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| Preface | |
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| The Concept of Culture | |
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| The Rules of the Social Game | |
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| Different Minds but Common Problems | |
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| Culture as Mental Programming | |
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| Symbols, Heroes, Rituals, and Values | |
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| Culture Reproduces Itself | |
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| No Group Can Escape Culture | |
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| Values and the Moral Circle | |
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| Boundaries of the Moral Circle: Religion and Philosophy | |
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| Beyond Race and Family | |
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| We and They | |
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| Ideologies as Group Markers | |
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| Layers of Culture | |
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| Culture Change: Changing Practices, Stable Values | |
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| National Culture Differences | |
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| National Identities, Values, and Institutions | |
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| What About National Management Cultures? | |
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| Cultural Relativism | |
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| Culture as a Phoenix | |
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| Studying Cultural Differences | |
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| Measuring Values | |
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| Dimensions of National Cultures | |
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| Using Correlations | |
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| Replications of the IBM Research | |
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| Extending the IBM Model: The Chinese Value Survey | |
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| Validation of the Country Culture Scores against Other Measures | |
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| Culture Scores and Personality Scores: No Reason for Stereotyping | |
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| Other Classifications of National Cultures | |
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| A Second Expansion of the Hofstede Dimensional Model: Minkov's Exploration of the World Values Survey | |
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| Cultural Differences According to Region, Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, Generation, and Class | |
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| Organizational Cultures | |
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| Reading Mental Programs: Suggestions for Researchers | |
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| Dimensions of National Cultures | |
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| More Equal than Others | |
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| Inequality in Society | |
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| Measuring the Degree of Inequality in Society: The Power Distance Index | |
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| Power Distance Defined | |
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| Power Distance in Replication Studies | |
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| Power Distance Differences within Countries: Social Class, Education Level, and Occupation | |
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| Measures Associated with Power Distance: The Structure in This and Following Chapters | |
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| Power Distance Difference among Countries: Roots in the Family | |
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| Power Distance at School | |
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| Power Distance and Health Care | |
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| Power Distance in the Workplace | |
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| Power Distance and the State | |
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| Power Distance and Ideas | |
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| Origins of Power Distance Differences | |
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| The Future of Power Distance Differences | |
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| I, We, and They | |
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| The Individual and the Collective in Society | |
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| Measuring the Degree of Individualism in Society | |
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| Individualism and Collectivism in the World Values Survey: Universalism Versus Exclusionism | |
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| Individualism and Collectivism in Other Cross-National Studies | |
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| Are Individualism and Collectivism One or Two Dimensions? | |
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| Collectivism Versus Power Distance | |
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| Individualism and Collectivism According to Occupation | |
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| Individualism and Collectivism in the Family | |
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| Language, Personality, and Behavior in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures | |
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| Individualism and Collectivism at School | |
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| Individualism and Collectivism in the Workplace | |
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| Individualism, Collectivism, and the Internet | |
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| Individualism, Collectivism, and the State | |
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| Individualism, Collectivism, and Ideas | |
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| Origins of Individualism-Collectivism Differences | |
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| The Future of Individualism and Collectivism | |
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| He, She, and(S)he | |
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| Assertiveness Versus Modesty | |
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| Genders and Gender Roles | |
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| Masculinity-Femininity as a Dimension of Societal Culture | |
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| Masculinity and Femininity in Other Cross-National Studies | |
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| Masculinity Versus Individualism | |
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| Are Masculinity and Femininity One or Two Dimensions? | |
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| Country Masculinity Scores by Gender and Gender Scores by Age | |
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| Masculinity and Femininity According to Occupation | |
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| Masculinity and Femininity in the Family | |
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| Masculinity and Femininity in Gender Roles and Sex | |
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| Masculinity and Femininity in Education | |
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| Masculinity and Femininity in Shopping | |
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| Masculinity and Femininity in the Workplace | |
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| Masculinity, Femininity, and the State | |
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| Masculinity, Femininity, and Religion | |
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| Origins of Masculinity-Femininity Differences | |
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| The Future of Differences in Masculinity and Femininity | |
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| What Is Different Is Dangerous | |
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| The Avoidance of Uncertainty | |
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| Measuring the (In)tolerance of Ambiguity in Society: The Uncertainty-Avoidance Index | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance and Anxiety | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance Is Not the Same as Risk Avoidance | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance in Replication Studies: Project GLOBE | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance According to Occupation, Gender, and Age | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance in the Family | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance, Health, and (Un)happiness | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance at School | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance in Shopping | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance in the Workplace | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity, and Motivation | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance, the Citizen, and the State | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance and Corruption | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance, Xenophobia, and Nationalism | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance, Religion, and Ideas | |
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| Origins of Uncertainty-Avoidance Differences | |
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| The Future of Uncertainty-Avoidance Differences | |
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| Yesterday, Now, or Later? | |
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| National Values and the Teachings of Confucius | |
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| Implications of LTO-CVS Differences for Family Life | |
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| Implications of LTO-CVS Differences for Business | |
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| Implications of LTO-CVS Differences for Ways of Thinking | |
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| Long-Term Orientation Scores Based on World Values Survey Data | |
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| Long-Term Orientation and the GLOBE Dimensions | |
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| Long- and Short-Term Orientation, Family Relations, and School Results | |
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| Long- and Short-Term Orientation and Economic Growth | |
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| Economic Growth and Politics | |
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| Fundamentalisms as Short-Term Orientation | |
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| Short-Term Orientation in Africa | |
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| The Future of Long- and Short-Term Orientation | |
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| Light or Dark? | |
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| The Nature of Subjective Well-Being | |
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| Subjective Well-Being and the World Values Survey | |
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| Indulgence Versus Restraint as a Societal Dimension | |
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| Indulgence Versus Restraint and Subjective Well-Being in Other Cross-National Studies | |
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| Indulgence Versus Restraint, Subjective Health, Optimism, and Birthrates | |
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| Indulgence Versus Restraint, Importance of Friends, and Consumer Attitudes | |
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| Indulgence Versus Restraint and Sexual Relationships | |
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| Indulgence Versus Restraint in the Workplace | |
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| Indulgence Versus Restraint and the State | |
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| Origins of Societal Differences in Indulgence Versus Restraint | |
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| Cultures in Organizations | |
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| Pyramids, Machines, Markets, and Families: Organizing Across Nations | |
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| Implicit Models of Organizations | |
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| Management Professors Are Human | |
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| Culture and Organizational Structure: Elaborating on Mintzberg | |
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| Planning, Control, and Accounting | |
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| Corporate Governance and Business Goals | |
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| Motivation Theories and Practices | |
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| Leadership, Decision Making, and Empowerment | |
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| Performance Appraisal and Management by Objectives | |
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| Management Training and Organization Development | |
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| Conclusion: Nationality Defines Organizational Rationality | |
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| The Elephant and the Stork: Organizational Cultures | |
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| The Organizational Culture Craze | |
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| Differences between Organizational and National Cultures: The IRIC Project | |
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| Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in the IRIC Project | |
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| Results of the In-Depth Interviews: The SAS Case | |
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| Results of the Survey: Six Dimensions of Organizational Cultures | |
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| The Scope for Competitive Advantages in Cultural Matters | |
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| Organizational Culture and Other Organizational Characteristics | |
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| Organizational Subcultures | |
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| Individual Perceptions of Organizational Cultures | |
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| Gardens, Bouquets, and Flowers of Social Science | |
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| Occupational Cultures | |
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| Conclusions from the IRIC Research Project: Dimensions Versus Gestalts | |
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| Managing (with) Organizational Culture | |
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| Implications | |
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| Intercultural Encounters | |
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| Intended Versus Unintended Intercultural Conflict | |
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| Culture Shock and Acculturation | |
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| Ethnocentrism and Xenophilia | |
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| Group Encounters: Auto- and Heterostereotypes | |
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| Language and Humor | |
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| The Influence of Communication Technologies | |
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| Intercultural Encounters in Tourism | |
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| Intercultural Encounters in Schools | |
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| Minorities, Migrants, and Refugees | |
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| Intercultural Negotiations | |
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| Multinational Business Organizations | |
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| Coordinating Multinationals: Structure Should Follow Culture | |
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| Expanding Multinationals: International Mergers and Other Ventures | |
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| International Marketing, Advertising, and Consumer Behavior | |
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| International Politics and International Organizations | |
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| Economic Development, Nondevelopment, and Development Cooperation | |
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| Learning Intercultural Communication | |
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| Educating for Intercultural Understanding: Suggestions for Parents | |
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| Spreading Multicultural Understanding: The Role of the Media | |
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| Global Challenges Call for Intercultural Cooperation | |
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| The Evolution of Cultures | |
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| A Time-Machine Journey Through History | |
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| Five Million to One Million Years Ago: Lonely Planet | |
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| One Million to Forty Thousand Years Ago: Ice and Fire | |
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| Forty Thousand to Ten Thousand Years Ago: Creative Spark, Extermination | |
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| Twelve Thousand to Seven Thousand Five Hundred Years Ago: Villages and Agriculture | |
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| Seven Thousand Five Hundred Years Ago Until Now: Large-Scale Civilizations | |
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| Sources of Cultural Diversity and Change | |
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| The End of History? No! | |
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| The Essence of Evolution | |
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| Evolution: More than Genes | |
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| Evolution Beyond Selfishness: Groups over Individuals | |
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| Individuals and Institutions in the Stream of Life | |
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| Evolution at Work Today | |
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| The Future of Culture | |
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| Notes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |