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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction | |
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Survey of Small Antenna Theory | |
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Introduction | |
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Small Antenna Parameters | |
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Directivity | |
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Radiation Efficiency | |
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Quality Factor | |
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Antenna Quality Factor | |
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Quality Factor for Lumped Circuits | |
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External and Loaded Q | |
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Input Impedance and Matching | |
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Small Antenna Theory | |
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Work of Wheeler (1947-1975) | |
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The Radiation Power Factor | |
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The Spherical Coil | |
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Comments | |
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Work of Chu (1948) | |
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Spherical Waves | |
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Chu Equivalent Circuit | |
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Maximum Gain Omni-directional Chu Antenna | |
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Minimum Q Omni-directional Chu Antenna | |
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Maximum G/Q Omni-directional Chu Antenna | |
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Horizontally Polarized Omni-directional Chu Antenna | |
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TE and TM Circularly Polarized Omni-directional Chu Antenna | |
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Comments | |
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Work of Harrington (1960) | |
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Maximum Gain for a Directional Chu Antenna | |
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Minimum Q for a Directional Chu Antenna | |
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Antenna Losses and Efficiency | |
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Comments | |
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Work of Collin, Rothschild, and Fante (1964-1969) | |
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Exact Q for a TM or TE Propagating Chu Antenna | |
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Exact Q for a TM and TE Propagating Chu Antenna | |
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Relationship Between Q and Fractional Bandwidth B | |
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Comments | |
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Work of Hansen (1981-2006) | |
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Closed Form Q for TM or TE Omni-directional Chu Antenna Using Chu RLC Approximation | |
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Work of McLean (1996) | |
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McLean's Exact Q for Chu Antenna Radiating TM<sub>10</sub> or TE<sub>10</sub> | |
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Q for Radiating Equally Excited TM<sub>10</sub> and TE<sub>10</sub> | |
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Exact Q for Chu Antenna Derived from Mode Circuits | |
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Comments | |
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Work of Foltz and McLean (1999) | |
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Minimum Q for the TM Prolate Chu Antenna | |
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Comments | |
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Work of Thiele (2003) | |
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Superdirectivity and Q | |
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Comments | |
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Work of Geyi (2003) | |
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Field-Based Evaluation of Antenna Q | |
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Field-Based Evaluation of Antenna Q | |
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Reinvestigation of Small Antenna Gain and Q Limitations | |
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Work of Best (2003-2008) | |
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B<sub>v</sub> and Antenna Input Impedance | |
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Exact Q Derived from Maxwell's Equations | |
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Representing Q as a Function of Antenna Input Impedance | |
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Fundamental Limitations on B<sub>v</sub> | |
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The Spherical Helix Antenna | |
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Work of Kwon and Pozar (2005-2009) | |
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Gain and Q for a Crossed-Dipole Chu Antenna | |
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Gain and Q for Dual-Set Chu Antenna (DSCA) | |
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Work of Thal (2006-2009) | |
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Spherical Mode Circuits at the Chu Sphere Surface | |
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Q Value for the TM<sub>1m</sub> and TE<sub>1m</sub> Modes | |
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Self-Resonant Mode Configurations | |
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Thal's Energy Lower Bound on the Mode Coupling Network | |
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Applications of the Energy Lower Bound | |
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Work of Gustafsson (2007) | |
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Limitations on Small Antenna Gain-Bandwidth Product and D/Q Ratio | |
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Applications of the Gustafsson Limits | |
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References | |
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Fundamental Limits and Design Guidelines for Miniaturizing Ultra-Wideband Antennas | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Fano-Bode Theory | |
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Fano-Bode Limit for the Band-Pass Response | |
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Fano-Bode Limit for the High-Pass Response | |
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Antenna Miniaturization | |
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Concept | |
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Dipole Antenna Example | |
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Broadband Antenna Miniaturization | |
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Optimal Miniaturization Factor | |
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Loading Profile | |
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Equal LC Loading | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Overview of Small Antenna Designs | |
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Introduction | |
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Miniaturization via Shaping | |
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Slot Loading | |
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Bending and Folding | |
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Space-Filling Curves | |
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Meander Line Antennas | |
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Fractal Antennas | |
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Volumetric Antennas | |
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Radio Frequency Identification Device Antennas | |
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Small Ultra-Wideband Antennas | |
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Lumped Loading | |
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Miniaturization via Material Loading | |
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Dielectric Materials | |
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Magnetic Materials | |
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Polymer Ceramic Material | |
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Optimization Methods | |
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Introduction | |
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Genetic Algorithm | |
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Particle Swarm Optimization | |
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Antennas on Electromagnetic Bandgap Ground Planes | |
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Performances Enhancement via Surface-Wave Suppression | |
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Low-Profile Antennas on EBG Ground Plane | |
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Wideband EBG Design | |
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References | |
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Antenna Miniaturization via Slow Waves | |
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Introduction | |
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Miniaturization Factor | |
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Basic Antenna Miniaturization Concept | |
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Phase Coherent Radiation Conditions | |
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Equivalent Transmission Line (TL) Model of an Antenna | |
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Artificial Transmission Line (ATL) of Antennas | |
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Antenna Miniaturization Examples | |
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Two-Wire Loop Antenna | |
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Antenna Miniaturization by Increasing Shunt Capacitance | |
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Dielectric Loaded Patch Antenna | |
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Antenna Miniaturization by Increasing ATL Series Inductance | |
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Slotted Patches | |
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Spiral with Coiled Arms | |
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Antenna Miniaturization by Increasing both ATL Series Inductance and Shunt Capacitance | |
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References | |
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Spiral Antenna Miniaturization | |
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Spiral Antenna Fundamentals | |
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Basic Planar Spiral Antenna Geometry | |
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Spiral Radiation | |
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Input Impedance | |
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Radiation Patterns | |
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Radiation Phase Center | |
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Truncation Effect in Finite Spiral Antennas | |
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Spiral Antenna Backed with a PEC Ground Plane | |
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Spiral Antenna Miniaturization Using Slow Wave Treatments | |
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Spiral Miniaturization Using Dielectric Material Loading (Shunt Capacitance) | |
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Spiral Antenna Miniaturization Using Inductive Loading (Series Inductance) | |
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Planar Inductive Loading | |
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Volumetric Inductive Loading | |
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Fabricated Miniature Spiral Antennas | |
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References | |
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Negative Refractive Index Metamaterial and Electromagnetic Band Gap Based Antennas | |
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Introduction | |
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Negative Refractive Index Metamaterials | |
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Propagation in (� < 0,� < 0) Media | |
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Circuit Model of (� < 0, � < 0) Media | |
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Composite Circuit Model for the NRI-TL Medium | |
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Metamaterial Antennas Based on NRI Concepts | |
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Leaky Wave Antennas | |
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Miniature and Multi-band Patch Antennas | |
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Compact and Low-Profile Monopole Antennas | |
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Metamaterial-Inspired Antennas | |
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High-Gain Antennas Utilizing EBG Defect Modes | |
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References | |
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Antenna Miniaturization Using Magnetic Photonic and Degenerate Band Edge Crystals | |
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Introduction | |
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Slow Wave Resonances of MPC and DBE Crystals | |
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High Gain Antennas Embedded Within Finite Thickness MPC and DBE Crystals | |
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Transmission Characteristics of Finite Thickness MPCs | |
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Dipole Performance Within Magnetic Photonic Crystal | |
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Resonance and Amplitude Increase Within DBE Crystals | |
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Dipole Performance Within Degenerate Band Edge Crystal | |
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Practical Degenerate Band Edge Antenna Realizations | |
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Printed Antenna Miniaturization via Coupled Lines Emulating Anisotropy | |
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Antenna Miniaturization Using Degenerate Band Edge Dispersion | |
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Realizing DBE Dispersion via Printed Circuit Emulation of Anisotropy | |
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DBE Antenna Design Using Dual Microstrip Lines | |
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Coupled Double Loop Antennas | |
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Printed MPC Antennas on Biased Ferrite Substrates | |
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Platform/Vehicle Integration of Metamaterial Antennas | |
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References | |
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Impedance Matching for Small Antennas Including Passive and Active Circuits | |
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Introduction | |
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Passive Narrowband Matching | |
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Dipole | |
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Passive Broadband Matching | |
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Broadband Planar Dipole | |
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Inverted Hat Antenna | |
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Negative Matching | |
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Loop Antenna | |
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Flare Dipole | |
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Concluding Comments | |
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References | |
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Antennas for RFID Systems | |
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Historical Background | |
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Basic Operation of RFID Systems | |
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Tag Categories | |
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Passive Radio Frequency Identifications | |
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RFID Microchip | |
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Impedance Matching | |
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RFID Radar Cross Section | |
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Radio Frequency Identification Antennas | |
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Meander-Line Dipoles | |
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Patch Antennas | |
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Fractal Antennas | |
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Planar Antennas | |
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Slot Antennas | |
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RFID Power Harvesting-Rectennas | |
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References | |
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Index | |