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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Introduction | |
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Background and Motivation | |
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Line-of-Sight Radars | |
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Coverage Limitations | |
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Beyond the Horizon | |
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OTH Radar Principles | |
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Operational Concept | |
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General Characteristics | |
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Practical Applications | |
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HF Radar Equation | |
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Slant Range | |
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Transmit Power | |
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Antenna Gains | |
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Target RCS | |
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Integration Time | |
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Total Losses | |
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Propagation Factor | |
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Ambient Noise | |
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Numerical Example | |
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Nominal System Capabilities | |
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Minimum and Maximum Range | |
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Dwell Illumination Region | |
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Resolution and Accuracy | |
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Fundamental Principles | |
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Skywave Propagation | |
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The Ionosphere | |
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Historical Overview | |
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Formation and Structure | |
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The D-, E-, and F-Regions | |
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Spatial and Temporal Variability | |
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Radio Sounding at Vertical Incidence | |
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Measurements and Models | |
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Disturbances and Storms | |
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Oblique Propagation | |
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Equivalence Relationships | |
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Point-to-Point Links | |
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Frequency, Elevation, and Ground Range | |
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Ionospheric Modes | |
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Ordinary and Extraordinary Waves | |
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Multipath Propagation | |
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Amplitude and Phase Fading | |
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System Characteristics | |
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Preliminary Considerations | |
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Configuration and Site Selection | |
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Radar Waveforms | |
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Out-of-Band Emissions | |
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Radar Architecture | |
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Transmit System | |
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Receive System | |
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Array Calibration | |
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Frequency Management | |
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Propagation-Path Assessment | |
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Channel Occupancy and Noise | |
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Ionospheric Mode Structure | |
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Historical Perspective | |
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Past and Present Systems | |
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OTH Radar in Australia | |
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Future Prospects | |
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Conventional Processing | |
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Signal Environment | |
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Target Echoes | |
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Clutter Returns | |
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Noise and Interference | |
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Standard Routines | |
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Pulse Compression | |
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Array Beamforming | |
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Doppler Processing | |
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Operational Considerations | |
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Air and Surf ace Tasks | |
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Transient Disturbance Mitigation | |
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Data Extrapolation and Signal Conditioning | |
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Detection and Tracking | |
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Constant False-Alarm Rate Processing | |
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Threshold Detection and Peak Estimation | |
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Tracking and Coordinate Registration | |
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Surface-Wave Radar | |
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General Characteristics | |
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Principle of Operation | |
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Architecture and Capabilities | |
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Practical Applications | |
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Propagation Mechanism | |
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Short and Long Distances | |
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Tropospheric Refraction | |
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Surface Roughness and Heterogeneity | |
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Environmental Factors | |
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Sea Clutter | |
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Ionospheric Clutter | |
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Interference and Noise | |
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Practical Implementation | |
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Configuration and Siting | |
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Radar Subsystems | |
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Signal and Data Processing | |
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Operational Considerations | |
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Radar Cross Section | |
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Multi-Frequency Operation | |
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Example Systems | |
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Signal Description | |
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Wave-Interference Model | |
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Deterministic Description | |
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Background and Scope | |
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Gross Structure of Composite Wavefields | |
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Fine Structure of Individual Modes | |
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Channel Scattering Function | |
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Ionospheric Mode Identification | |
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Nominal Mode Parameters | |
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Fine Structure Observations | |
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Resolving Fine Structure | |
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Signal Representation | |
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Parameter Estimation | |
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Space-Time MUSIC | |
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Experimental Results | |
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Preliminary Data Analysis | |
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Model-Fitting Accuracy | |
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Summary and Discussion | |
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Statistical Signal Model | |
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Stationary Processes | |
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Background and Scope | |
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Measurements on HF Signals | |
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Extension to Antenna Arrays | |
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Diffuse Scattering | |
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Mathematical Representation | |
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Varying Ionospheric Structure | |
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Auto-Correlation Functions | |
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Temporal Statistics | |
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Parameter Estimation Method | |
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Hypothesis Acceptance Test | |
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Spatial Homogeneity Assumption | |
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Spatial and Space-Time Statistics | |
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Correlation Coefficients | |
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Mean Plane Wavefront | |
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Space-Time Separability | |
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HF Channel Simulator | |
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Point and Extended Sources | |
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Traditional Array-Processing Models | |
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Coherent and Incoherent Ray Distributions | |
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Parametric Localization of Distributed Signals | |
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Generalized Watterson Model | |
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Mathematical Formulation and Interpretation | |
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Temporal and Spatial Fluctuations | |
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Expected Second-Order Statistics | |
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Parameter-Estimation Techniques | |
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Standard Identification Procedures | |
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Matched-Field MUSIC Algorithm | |
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Polynomial Rooting Method | |
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Real-Data Application | |
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Closed-Form Least Squares | |
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Subspace-Based Approach | |
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Summary and Discussion | |
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Interference Cancelation Analysis | |
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Interference and Noise Mitigation | |
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Spatial Processing | |
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Popular Techniques | |
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HF Applications | |
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Standard Adaptive Beamforming | |
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Sample Matrix Inverse Technique | |
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Practical Implementation Schemes | |
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Alternative Time-Varying Approach | |
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Instantaneous Performance Analysis | |
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Real-Data Collection | |
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Intra-CPI Performance Analysis | |
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Output SINR Improvement | |
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Statistical Performance Analysis | |
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Framing Schemes | |
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Batch Schemes | |
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Operational Issues | |
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Simulated Performance Prediction | |
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Multi-Channel Model Parameters | |
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Impact of Wavefront Distortions | |
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Summary and Discussion | |
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Processing Techniques | |
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Adaptive Beamforming | |
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Essential Concepts | |
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Optimum and Adaptive Filters | |
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Homogeneous Gaussian Case | |
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Real-World Environments | |
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Problem Formulation | |
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Interference and Clutter Mitigation | |
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Multi-Channel Data Model | |
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Standard Adaptive Beamforming | |
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Time-Varying Approaches | |
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Stochastic Constraints | |
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Time-Varying Spatial Adaptive Processing | |
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Experimental Results | |
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Post-Doppler Techniques | |
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Motivating Practical Application | |
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Range-Dependent Adaptive Beamforming | |
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Extended Data Analysis | |
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Space-Time Adaptive Processing | |
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STAP Architectures | |
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Slow-Time STAP | |
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Fast-Time STAP | |
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3D-STAP | |
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Data Model | |
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Composite Signal | |
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Cold Clutter | |
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Hot Clutter | |
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Mitigation Techniques | |
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Standard Schemes | |
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Alternative Procedures | |
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Simulation Results | |
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Post-Doppler STAP Implementation | |
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Algorithm Description | |
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Experimental Results | |
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Discussion | |
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GLRT Detection Schemes | |
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Problem Description | |
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Background and Motivation | |
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Traditional Hypothesis Test | |
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Alternative Binary Tests | |
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Measurement Models | |
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Disturbance Process | |
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Useful Signal | |
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Coherent Interference | |
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Processing Schemes | |
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One-and Two-Step GLRT | |
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Partially Homogeneous Case | |
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Joint Data-Set Detection | |
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Practical Applications | |
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Spatial Processing | |
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Temporal Processing | |
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Hybrid Technique | |
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Blind Waveform Estimation | |
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Problem Formulation | |
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Multipath Model | |
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Processing Objectives | |
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Motivating Example | |
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Standard Techniques | |
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Blind System Identification | |
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Blind Signal Separation | |
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Discussion | |
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GEMS Algorithm | |
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Noiseless Case | |
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Operational Procedure | |
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Computational Complexity | |
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SIMO Experiment | |
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Data Collection | |
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Signal-Copy Methods | |
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Application of GEMS | |
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MTMO Experiment | |
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Data Collection | |
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Source and Multipath Separation | |
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Radar Application | |
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Single-Site Geolocation | |
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Background and Motivation | |
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Data Collection | |
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Geolocation Method | |
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Summary and Future Work | |
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Appendixes and Bibliography | |
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Sample ACS Distribution | |
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Space-Time Separability | |
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Modal Decomposition | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |